<p>Emigrant Pass is a gap in the Cascade Range in the USA state of Oregon. Originally called Willamette Pass, it lay along a primitive road that paralleled the Middle Fork Willamette River to near the crest. The gap&#39;s name was changed in 1960, when the mountain pass used by Oregon Route 58 north of Odell Lake was named Willamette Pass.</p><br>
<p>By the 1850s, Emigrant Pass, slightly south of Willamette Pass, was being used by emigrants to the Oregon Territory as a way over the Cascades. In October 1853, a party of 1,500 was almost stranded at the pass, but was saved from a Donner Party-style tragedy by nearby settlers who had begun to improve the route up the Middle Fork Willamette River earlier that year as a shortcut between the Oregon Trail near Boise, Idaho, and the Willamette Valley.</p><br>
<p>LIslette Island is an island in Seychelles, located 120 meters from the eastern coast of the island of Mahe, in the bay of Port Glaud. It is also near Thérèse Island which lies to its southwest and Petite Island which lies to its east. LIslette Island is a granite island densely covered with tropical vegetation .</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Port Glaud District.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Today, the island&#39;s main industry is tourism. It once had a restaurant managed by Constance Ephelia resort on nearby Mahe, but today it is closed. The island was recently purchased by local entrepreneur Mary Geers who plans to build a resort on the island, but meanwhile she is filming the reality The island of love from Russian channel NTV on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Hovgaard Island  is a large uninhabited island of the Greenland Sea, Greenland. The island was named after Andreas Hovgaard, a Polar explorer and officer of the Danish Navy who led an expedition to the Kara Sea on steamship Dijmphna in 1882-83.</p><br>
<p>Polar climate prevails in Hovgaard Island. The average annual temperature in the area is -17 °C. The warmest month is July when the average temperature reaches -2 °C and the coldest is February when the temperature sinks to -29 °C.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hovgaard Island is a coastal island located to the south of the Holm Land Peninsula. To the west, further inshore, lies smaller Lynn Island and to the east and the southeast the Greenland Sea. The Dijmphna Sound limits the island to the west and north, and to the southwest lies the mouth of the Nioghalvfjerd Fjord of the Nioghalvfjerdsbrae glacier.</p><br>
<p>The island has an length of 60 km and a width of 42 km. Part of the interior is covered by an ice cap.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hovgaard Island was explored by the ill-fated Denmark Expedition to the North-East Coast of Greenland in 1906–1908.</p><br>
<p>The northwestern coast of the island was surveyed by Alfred Wegener in 1907, who at that time put Lynn Island on the map for the first time in history.</p><br>
<p>In 1910 Ejnar Mikkelsen and Iver Iversen (1884–1968), two members of the Danish Alabama Expedition struggled against the cold and famine on the island. Mikkelsen wrote the following about this bleak, inhospitable place:</p><br>
<p>Eden Island is an artificial island in Seychelles, lying 3.5 km from the capital Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was created artificially during the 2000s. It belongs to the Mahe Port Islands, which are mostly artificial islands created by funds from Dubai when the Dubai dredger was placed in Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island has many protected bays and beaches.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Roche Caiman District.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Today, the island&#39;s main industry is tourism, and it is known for its big hotel, the Eden Bleu.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The island hosts a small port and a yacht marina.</p><br>
<h2>Cuisine</h2><br>
<p>Fish is the main ingredient.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka Fort in Sira in Tumkur district of Karnataka is named after the Nayaka ruler Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka, who had ruled over Sira in the early 17th century as a palegar under the Vijayanagar Empire. After their rule, the fort and the Province of Sira came under the control of several rulers. Restoration works have been carried out by the Archaeology Department of Karnataka.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Nayaka Fort is located in the Sira town in Tumkur district of Karnataka. It is located on the NH-4 (Pune – Chennai) and NH-234 (Mangalore – Villupuram). It is 123 km from Bengaluru.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>History of building the fort is traced to the early 17th century when Nayakas (Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka) ruled over Sira as a fiefdom under the Vijayanagara Empire. He laid the foundation for the Sira town and the fort. The site was selected as auspicious on the basis of a good omen of a hare chasing the hound, a common legend of the times in the building of many forts in India. The foundation of Sira is also based upon this legend. Malik Husen, who was the then made the governor, completed the construction of the fort and also built a mud wall enclosing the town.</p><br>
<p>Sira, according to a time line, was under the reign of Vijayanagara Empire (1638 to 1687), the Sultans of Bijapur Adil Shahi, the Mughal Empire (1687 to 1757) and Maratha (1757 to 1759 and 1766, the Wadeyars (1799 to 1947) and the British Raj (until 1947).</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The fort, made of stone and bricks, is spread over an area of 197.5 acre and has many historic monuments which need to be conserved. The fort was enclosed by a moat and a well-made glacis also formed part of the fortifications.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The restoration works undertaken on the fort by the Archaeological Department of Karnataka, particularly of the ramparts and other works made of stone and bricks were carried out initially with the use of bulldozers. The brick and masonry work were destroyed irretrievably and gun positions had been closed. According to the INTACH expert, international procedures and guidelines prescribed in ASI manuals prescribed for such restoration works had not been followed. However, the local Archaeology Conservation Engineer defending his work said the brick layer (1.5 inches thick) removed was too thin to be retrieved and not available in the market and that the outer layer would be restored with older bricks and the original openings of placement of gun and canons would be restored fully including repair of parapet walls. Following the objections, use of heavy machinery for restoration was stopped. Another issue which was affecting the fort was widening of the National Highway 234. This was resolved by the Government of India by keeping a safe margin of 90 m between the fort boundary and the highway.</p><br>
<p>Romainville Island is an artificial island in Seychelles, lying 2 km from the capital Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was created artificially during the 2000s. It belongs to the Mahe Port Islands, which are mostly artificial islands created by funds from Dubai when the Dubai dredger was placed in Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>The works began in 1998.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the island was ready for installment of wind turbines.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 the island was visited by UN inspectors inspecting worldwide scale of wind farms.</p><br>
<p>In the end of 2013 the wind farm was launched</p><br>
<p>in 2014, it was reported that the PUC farm on Romainville was a success</p><br>
<p>in 2018, Masdar will open a solar farm on the island</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The artificial island plan is an industrialized plan</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The wardens house is located on the islands south point.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to English River District.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Hodoul Island is an uninhabited island in Seychelles, lying in the center of the Victoria port.</p><br>
<p>The island belongs to the Mahe Port Islands, which are mostly artificial islands created by funds from Dubai when the Dubai dredger was placed in Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was named after the corsair Jean-François Hodoul. In 1875 Dr. Henry Brooks of Seychelles rented it to store coal. He kept about 2,000 tons of coal there until 1940.</p><br>
<p>During 1995-2005, Hodoul Island served as a storage site for explosives for the Mahe port reclamation project.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 a new casino was opened on the west point of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to English River District.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The island has a 500 m guesthouse on the east point, and a 600 m casino on the west point.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Port Island  is an artificial island in Seychelles, lying 2 km from the capital Victoria.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was constructed between 1995 and 2002. It belongs to the Mahe Port Islands, which are mostly artificial islands created by funds from Dubai when the Dubai dredger was placed in Seychelles.</p><br>
<p>The works began in 1998</p><br>
<p>in 2009 the new Seychelles National Assembly building was inaugurated.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the island was ready for installment of wind turbines.</p><br>
<p>In 2013 the island was visited by UN inspectors inspecting worldwide scale of wind farms.</p><br>
<p>In the end of 2013 the wind farm was launched</p><br>
<p>in 2014, it was reported that the PUC farm on Port Island was a success</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The artificial island plan is a Mixed Commercial, Governmental, Financial, Port & Fisheries</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Port Island causeway connects Port Island to Perseverance Island and to mainland Mahe.</p><br>
<p>Seychelles National Assembly</p><br>
<p>Judiciary</p><br>
<p>Stock Exchange Building</p><br>
<p>University of Port Island</p><br>
<p>Park</p><br>
<p>Petrol Station</p><br>
<p>SPTC Headquarters</p><br>
<p>SIBA Headquarters</p><br>
<p>Fish canning Factory</p><br>
<p>Storage Facilities</p><br>
<p>New Port section</p><br>
<p>PUC farm</p><br>
<p>Hotel - new govt. Hotel</p><br>
<p>Heliport</p><br>
<p>IKEA store</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The construction camp is located near the Seychelles National Assembly building on the north point.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to English River District.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Winn Road School is a historic school building at the junction of Winn and Range Roads in Cumberland, Maine. Built in 1846, it is one of only two known surviving brick Greek Revival one-room schoolhouses in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Winn Road School stands amid fields in a rural part of southern Cumberland, on the east side of the junction of Winn and Range Roads. It is a single-story brick structure, witha gabled roof and granite foundation. Its main facade faces southwest toward Range Road, and has a fully pedimented gable with a date block in the center, and sash windows flanking the door below. Wall openings for the door and windows have granite lintels. The side elevations have three sash windows each, and the rear has two windows on the ground floor and a third at the attic level, now boarded over. The interior has had significant alterations over the years, but has retained a sloping floor, an unusual feature for schools of the period.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1846, and was one of two similar schools built by the town at the time. The other building also survives, but has been extensively altered. This school served as an educational facility until the early 20th century, and was afterward used for other civic purposes.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas Christian College Administration Building is a former school building at 100 West Harding Street in Morrilton, Arkansas. It is a two story masonry structure with Colonial Revival features, built in 1919-20 for the newly founded Arkansas Christian College. The college was the second higher education facility in Morrilton, and was an important part of the citys early 20th-century educational history. The school merged with Harper College in 1924 to become Harding College, and moved to Searcy, Arkansas in 1934. The building, the only surviving element of the schools Morrilton history, is now home to the Southern Christian Home, a charity that places needy children.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Manning Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Manning, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The historic district contains a mix of commercial buildings, which include specialty stores, financial institutions, healthcare, and professional offices. Civic buildings include city hall and the public library. The buildings were largely constructed of brick by local contractors. There were two commercial buildings designed by architects Samuel P. Hart of Carroll, Iowa and Charles W. Steinbaugh of Omaha. The period of significance is from 1885 to 1965, and the buildings were constructed during that time frame. Two destructive fires in 1891 and 1895 had a significant impact in shaping Manning&#39;s commercial district. Italianate, Romanesque Revival, and Moderne styles are dominant. The four structures are the brick-paved streets, which were originally paved in 1915 by C.L. Mosher of Sioux City, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The city council enacted an ordinance in 1977 that required all new buildings and any remodeled facades to use a Bavarian theme to honor Manning&#39;s German heritage. Even though most of the German immigrants who settled here were not from Bavaria, it was thought to most people this was the most identifiable German architectural style. The ordinance was revoked in 2008 as part of the growing historic preservation movement in Manning.</p><br>
<p>Marion Downtown Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Marion, Grant County, Indiana. It encompasses 52 contributing buildings, 2 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Marion. It developed between about 1870 and 1942, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Romanesque, and Classical Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Grant County Jail and Sheriff&#39;s Residence. Other notable buildings are the Grant County Courthouse , Marion Bank Building , Iroquois Building , Dan-Mar Apartments , United Telephone Block , Cecelian Apartments , Marion Post Office , and William Smith Building / Mecca Club .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Adada is an ancient city and archaeological site in Pisidia, north of Selge and east of Kestros River, near the village of Sağrak, in Isparta Province’s Sütçüler township. The location was identified as Karabavullu or Karabavli, about 35 km south of Lake Egridir.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and archaeological evidence</h2><br>
<p>The earliest evidence in ancient literature about the city is from the geographer Artemidorus of Ephesus, quoted by Strabo, who lists Adada among the ancient cities of Pisidia, confirmed by geographer Ptolemy. The name Adada is probably Pisidian. In ancient sources it is also mentioned as Adadate and Odada, probably corruptions of the main name. Archaeological evidence of the name of the city is attested in an inscription of the second century BCE recording a treaty of friendship and alliance with Termessos.</p><br>
<h2>The archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>The Temple of the Emperors and Aphrodite, and the Temple of the Emperors and Zeus Sarapis are included in visible ruins of the archaeological site. There is also a well-preserved stairway leading from the agora to a tower and other buildings, probably the acropolis of the city. There are also standing buildings of different types</p><br>
<h2>Numismatics</h2><br>
<p>There are two periods of coinage in Adada</p><br>
<p>As an independent city during the Late Hellenistic period, when first coins were minted, dated to the 1st century BCE.</p><br>
<p>As a subjugated city in the Roman Empire. The imperial coinage began during the reign of Trajan (98-117) and stopped during the reign of Valerian and Gallienus (253-268).</p><br>
<h2>Religion</h2><br>
<p>On the basis of the iconographic types of portraiture in coins, the worship of Zeus, Dionysus, Artemis (Pergaia), Athena and Hygieia is attested. Furthermore, attested also is the heroic cult of Heracles, of Dioscuri and Asclepius, as well as the imperial cult.</p><br>
<h2>Episcopal See</h2><br>
<p>In the Byzantine era the city was an episcopal see attached to Antioch.</p><br>
<p>The Adel Bridge is located on the east edge of Adel, Iowa, United States. The 400 ft span carried traffic on River Street over the Raccoon River. The Dallas County Board of Supervisors received a petition to replace a deteriorating bridge at this location. The old bridge had been built where ferry service had been initiated in 1850, three years after the town had been established. They contracted with the King Iron Bridge and Manufacturing of Cleveland to build the two-span Pratt through truss bridge for $12,500. It was a primary river crossing into Adel until 1932 when the USA Highway 6 bridge was completed not far to the south. While it remains in place, it was closed to vehicular traffic in 2000. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>Minburn Railroad Depot is a historic building located in Minburn, Iowa, United States. The Des Moines Valley Railroad laid tracks from Des Moines to Fort Dodge in 1869, and the town was established the same year. A frame building was built for a depot. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad leased the line in the 1890s, and the Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway took over the line in 1906. The old depot was destroyed by fire and this brick structure replaced it in 1914. The last passenger train left the depot on April 19, 1959. The Chicago and North Western Railway acquired the line in 1960, and the last freight train used the depot the following year. A restoration process for the depot began in 2007, and it was relocated a short distance from its original location to a new location along the Raccoon River Valley Trail. It houses a cafe and restrooms for those who use the trail, which is the old railroad right-of-way. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>WWII RAN Fuel Installation is a heritage-listed former fuel depot and now arts centre at Collins Avenue, Edge Hill, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1943. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 February 2007.</p><br>
<p>The building is now home to the Tank Arts Centre, a multi-use, contemporary arts facility for the visual and performing arts.</p><br>
<h2>Tank Arts Centre</h2><br>
<p>Opened in the early 1990s, the Tanks Arts Centre is a unit of the Cairns Regional Council and is situated adjacent to the Cairns Botanic Gardens. The Centres facilities include a contemporary art gallery, music space and a theatre space. Programs include concerts, theatre programs, art exhibitions, adult and childrens workshops, films and comedy events.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Royal Australian Navy (RAN) Fuel Installation at Edge Hill, about five kilometres north of the Cairns city centre, was constructed in 1943 in response to the increased military presence associated with the Pacific war effort during World War II. The installation comprised five large fuel storage tanks, earth and concrete bunds around the tanks, auxiliary buildings and an underground pipeline from the tanks to Cairns wharves. Most of these structures have been incorporated into the Flecker Botanical Gardens, a recreational precinct at the southern foothills of the Mount Whitfield range. Tanks 3-5 have been adaptively re-used as the Tanks Arts Centre, a performance and display space.</p><br>
<p>Cairns was established in late 1876 as a port to service the Hodgkinson goldfield. In the mid-1880s the Cairns to Herberton railway line was surveyed through the Mt Whitfield range and in 1885 the low swamp lands south of Mt Islay were surveyed into large suburban sections. In December 1886 four of these were gazetted as a temporary recreation reserve of over 71 acres (about 29 hectares). This was extended in 1887 to comprise an area of over 97 acres (about 40 hectares), and by 1892 contained 108.5 acres (approximately 44 hectares). The recreation reserve was gazetted permanently in 1921, as 109.5 acres (just over 44 hectares).</p><br>
<p>In 1886 an area of 31.5 acres (about 12.75 hectares) on Mt Islay, just north of the recreation reserve and adjacent to the railway, was gazetted as a quarry reserve for the Cairns Municipal Council. This was used for only a few years, the rock being considered too shaly and soft for road fill. In 1908 the gazettal was rescinded.</p><br>
<p>Cairns&#39; position as the principal access port to the hinterland mining districts was consolidated following completion in 1891 of the Cairns to Kuranda section of the Cairns to Herberton railway. A stopping place, railway siding (for municipal quarry purposes) and shelter shed were constructed a Mt Islay at the three-mile in 1888-89, and was named Edge Hill. In 1911 the line was moved 300 metres east to the other side of Saltwater Creek where a new Edge Hill railway station was erected. The former Edge Hill Railway Station stood where RAN fuel tanks 1 and 2 were constructed in 1943. For some years the Cairns Town Council continued to transport quarry material from Edge Hill to Cairns via its own tramway, using the former railway alignment, but this was abandoned by 1923.</p><br>
<p>In 1940 about 10 acres (4 hectares) at Mt Islay, above the recreation reserve, again was gazetted as a municipal quarry, this time for land reclamation purposes. The base of Mt Islay lay within the recreation reserve and from 1940 the slope adjoining the gazetted quarry was excavated as part of the quarry workings.</p><br>
<p>During World War Two Cairns became an important military base in the Pacific region. From September 1942, military personnel began to arrive for deployment. Providing the infrastructure to support the allied war effort at Cairns became a priority, and the decision to build Royal Australian Navy fuel storage tanks in Cairns was given under the highest level of National Security.</p><br>
<p>Early planning positioned the fuel installation behind wharf no.8 at the dockyards on Trinity Inlet, but as both the Australian and United States navies intended to expand warehouse storage facilities in this area, an alternative site was sought. Two Australian Navy staff visited Cairns in late 1942 and approved a site at Edge Hill that could be camouflaged from the air and would be difficult for an aerial enemy force to attack. It was also sufficiently distant from the wharf precinct to be of little danger to the port if there was enemy action.</p><br>
<p>The site chosen was on the southern slopes of the Mt Whitfield Range (Mt Islay), adjacent to the recreation reserve. Part of the site was located within a quarry reserve (R.903), part within the recreation reserve (R.267 - now known as Flecker Botanical Gardens) and part on a disused railway reserve. Three large concrete and two large steel fuel tanks were built and commissioned for use by the Royal Australian Navy and the United States Navy in 1943. Up to eight tanks were planned but only five were constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Allied Works Council, established in February 1942 to co-ordinate civilian construction of Allied military defence facilities in Australia, undertook site preparation and construction of the tanks, auxiliary buildings, bunds and underground pipeline.</p><br>
<p>The first two tanks were built on the former railway reserve on the north side of Collins Avenue. This land had been leased privately prior to the war and two small buildings were demolished to make way for Tank 2, which lay on the former railway alignment. Tank 1 was constructed on the site of the former Edge Hill railway station. Because these tanks were intended to hold dieseline they were constructed in plate steel, sourced from Broken Hill Pty Ltd. There were significant delays during construction, with correspondence between Queensland Main Roads, Allied Works Council and the Australian Navy revealing the frustration of all concerned in a project that was considered vital to the Allied war effort. Confusion as to where the steel tanks were to be sited, a lack of graders and poor planning hindered construction. Adjacent to tanks 1 and 2 a small pump house was constructed and an underground fuel pipeline was laid from the pump house along the former Cairns-Herberton railway embankment and under the streets of North Cairns to Trinity Wharf.</p><br>
<p>South of Collins Avenue, opposite Tanks 1 and 2 and on the former railway alignment, a fire station (garage) and foam tank were constructed.</p><br>
<p>Tanks 3-5 were sited further west, on the former quarry located partly within the recreation reserve and partly within a quarry reserve. This area was already part excavated. Further excavation, including removal of a rocky outcrop, was undertaken during the second half of 1943 to create a level site for tanks 3-5.</p><br>
<p>Tanks 3-5 were sited away from the first two tanks for several reasons. Firstly the landscape was prohibitive and part of the hill had to be removed, with the core left for camouflage, before all five tanks could be constructed. Secondly, having tanks 3-5 located at some distance from tanks 1-2 decreased risk to the whole installation. Thirdly, existing mature trees and the topography could be capitalised on to camouflage tanks 3-5 (tanks 1 and 2 relied on heavy steel cables and netting material as camouflage).</p><br>
<p>Because tanks 3-5 were intended for the storage of crude oil they were constructed in reinforced concrete. This was hand-poured by a team of contractors from Melbourne, with some workers inscribing their names in the concrete bunds surrounding the tanks. A second pump house was constructed adjacent to tanks 3-5, and an underground fuel pipeline was laid from this pump house south east across the adjacent recreation reserve to join the pipeline from tanks 1 and 2 along the disused railway embankment. The former fuel pipeline still runs under north Cairns.</p><br>
<p>In March 1944 the Commonwealth government requisitioned part of the quarry reserve above tanks 3-5 to establish an observation and communications post for the protection of the fuel storage tanks below.</p><br>
<p>After the war the Commonwealth removed the structures associated with the observation post on Mt Islay, but decided to retain the fuel storage tanks for their intended purpose. In the late 1940s and early 1950s the Commonwealth formalised its occupation of the land, gaining title to Lot 346 (tanks 1-2), Lot 348 (fire station and foam tank) and Lot 349 (tanks 3-5) and taking up an easement over the pipeline (Lot 95A) as far south as Little Street. The tanks continued to be used for fuel storage by the Australian Navy and private fuel companies. Tank 1 was leased to Caltex from 1957 and the Australian Meat and Grazing Company leased tank 2 from November 1958, to store molasses.</p><br>
<p>In 1964 work was undertaken on Tank 2 to repair damage from the molasses and Tank 1 was reconstructed. A new roof, supported on four extra steel poles, was constructed over the original, which is still visible from inside the tank. The original timber pole supports also survive in situ.</p><br>
<p>Tank 4 became inoperable in 1976 when it began leaking crude oil. Caltex continued use of at least one of the tanks until 1983 and the Australian Navy used the remainder until 1987.</p><br>
<p>In 1991 Cairns City Council purchased all 5 tanks, but not the pipeline, from the Australian Government, and the land was transferred to the Council. In 1995 tanks 3-5 were refurbished as the Tanks Arts Centre, hosting art exhibitions, performing artists, children&#39;s workshops and markets.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former WWII RAN Fuel Installation at Edge Hill is located 5 kilometres north of the original port of Cairns, in the foothills of the Mt Whitfield Range. The installation, built into the side of Mt Islay, comprises five large fuel tanks (three in concrete, two in steel), earth and concrete bunds, two pump houses, a fire station (garage), foam tank and part of a disused railway embankment, located within three non-contiguous land parcels. Associated with the installation is a fuel pipeline owned by the Australian Government, which cannot be included in the Queensland Heritage Register entry for the former WWII RAN Fuel Installation.</p><br>
<h3>Site 1: Tanks 1 and 2 (Lot 346 on RP711610)</h3><br>
<p>Land parcel 346/RP711610 is located on the north side of Collins Avenue near the eastern entrance to the Flecker Botanical Gardens, on a former railway reserve. It contains tanks 1 and 2, a pump house, an earth bund and a concrete bund.</p><br>
<p>Tanks 1 and 2 are welded steel circular structures set on concrete foundations. Tank 1 has external steel stairs and pipe fixtures have been removed. Floor panels, roof cladding and steel roof framing have been replaced. Air vents and a doorway have been cut into the side of the tank.</p><br>
<p>Tank 2 is the northern-most tank and remains relatively intact. The outlet service pipes and internal timber uprights and ceiling are intact. The primary modification is the replacement of the roofing with "Spandex" cladding and the addition of a galvanised or Zincalume "collar" immediately blow the roofline.</p><br>
<p>There is a bund of formwork concrete, approximately 1.5 metres in height, around Tank 1. This is topped with three strands of barbed wire strung between angled metal posts. Tank 2, which is situated on higher land than tank I, has an earth bund faced around the base with dry-stone rubble, roughly coursed. To the west/south west of the tanks a pump house is situated close to the Collins Avenue road alignment, outside the bunds. This is a small, single-storeyed, in rendered masonry building with a gambrel roof clad in corrugated iron and steel sheeting (possibly replacing corrugated fibrous cement sheeting). The structure rests on a concrete slab. In the front wall there are windows and a pair of large double doors opening to Collins Avenue.</p><br>
<h3>Site 2: Support structures (Lot 1 on RP17796)</h3><br>
<p>Land parcel 1/RP17796 is located on the south side of Collins Avenue, opposite Tanks 1 and 2, on part of the original Cairns-Herberton Railway alignment. It contains two small former support structures associated with the WWII RAN Fuel Installation: a fire station (garage) and foam tank.</p><br>
<p>The former fire station is located on the western side of this allotment close to the Collins Avenue road alignment. It is a small, singled-storeyed, gable-roofed garage clad with fibrous-cement sheeting on the walls and corrugated fibrous-cement sheeting on the roof. It has a skillion-roofed side extension, the walls of which are clad in corrugated steel and the roof in corrugated galvanised iron. The whole rests on a concrete slab. The front elevation principally comprises three sets of double garage doors -one in the gabled section and two in the skillion side extension - opening onto Collins Avenue. The former fire station was demolished in late 2006 to make way for the realignment of Collins Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Also on this land parcel, but separated from the fire station by the former railway embankment, is the former foam tank. The tank is rectangular is shape, of pressed metal with a flat galvanised iron roof supported on timber framing. The whole rests on a brick base that in turn sits on a concrete slab. At the rear the slab extends beyond the current structure, where there are the brick base remnants of other partitions. A metal pipe is connected to the top of one of the walls of the tank and extends into the ground. It has a tap and stop- cock mid-way along its length.</p><br>
<h3>Site 3: Tanks 3, 4 and 5 (Lot 349 on RP715416 and Lot 402 on SP201236)</h3><br>
<p>Land parcel 349/RP715416 is located on the north side of Collins Avenue approximately 500 metres west of tanks 1 and 2, on a former quarry site. It contains tanks 3, 4 and 5, a concrete bund, a former foam shed and a former pump house. This site has been redeveloped as the Tanks Art Centre. Tanks 3, 4 and 5 are reinforced concrete structures on concrete slabs. Tank 3 is eastern-most and is used for performing arts. Large holes have been cut into the walls of the tank, one for access and one opening onto an outside stage facing a grassed amphitheatre. Roofing materials and internal fittings have been replaced.</p><br>
<p>Tank 4 is located in the centre of the site, facing the gated entrance to the Tanks Art Centre. It is used as a gallery and has recent interior wall partitions to facilitate art displays. Doors and ventilation holes have been cut into the walls of the tank. Part of the early Trinity Wharf has been placed inside the tank as a sculptural feature. The fabric consists of heavy timber logs with oyster encrustations and industrial scale links and chain. This sculpture forms a tangible link between Trinity Wharf and the naval fuel storage tanks, reflecting the physical link via the underground pipeline.</p><br>
<p>Tank 5 is western-most and has had similar modifications to tanks 3 and 4. It has openings for ventilation and access cut into the walls and has had roofing materials replaced.</p><br>
<p>A bund of formwork concrete about 1.5 metres in height extends along Collins Avenue for the length of the Tanks Arts Centre, overgrown with vegetation such as trees and orchids. Large figs (Ficus spp.) and other tropical species contribute to the landscape within the Tanks Art Centre.</p><br>
<p>Just outside the bund, close to the Collins Avenue road alignment and just to the east of the entrance to the Tanks Arts Centre, is a former pump house of similar construction to the pump house associated with tanks 1 and 2. It is a small, single-storeyed building in rendered masonry, with a gambrel roof clad in corrugated fibrous-cement sheeting. It functions as the administration building for the arts centre.</p><br>
<p>A second foam shed is located in the south western corner of Lot 349 just outside the bund wall and facing Collins Avenue. Sharing the same dimensions as the foam shed on Lot 1 RP17796, and resting on a brick base sitting on a concrete slab, this shed has been modified over time. Double doors have been created in the western wall to allow the shed to be used for storage purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>WWII RAN Fuel Installation was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 February 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former WWII RAN Fuel Installation is important in demonstrating the impact of WWII on far north Queensland. Its construction was given the highest priority under National Security regulations. Its strategic location in the foothills of the Mt Whitfield Range, 5 kilometres from the port and with dense surrounding vegetation, demonstrates the importance of selecting a secure location for the storage of naval fuel supplies during times of war.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The installation is a rare surviving purpose-built WWII Naval fuel storage facility associated with the Pacific war and located in an urban setting.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The installation, which comprises five large fuel tanks, two pump houses, concrete and earth bunds and ancillary structures (including a fire station and foam tank), is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of its type. The complex reveals information about construction techniques, materials, form, design and location of structures specifically designed for storage of naval fuel in 1943. Because of its relative intactness, Tank 2 is particularly noted for this criterion.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The tanks in particular demonstrate elements of form, scale and material that contribute to the aesthetic significance of the site. Tanks 1 and 2 contain aesthetic value as industrial ruins in an urban environment; the scale, circular form and rusting exteriors form the main aesthetic elements. Tanks 3, 4 and 5 contain high aesthetic values as industrial ruins in a heavily vegetated urban environment. Vegetation such as Ficus spp. and orchids contribute to the aesthetic values of the place.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The installation has a special association with the work of the Allied Works Council, which made a substantial contribution to the construction of defence facilities in Queensland, particularly in northern Queensland and often in difficult terrain, during WWII.</p><br>
<p>Flecker Botanical Gardens is a heritage-listed botanic garden at Collins Avenue, Edge Hill, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1886 to 1960s. It is now known as Cairns Botanic Gardens, and also known as Edge Hill Nursery, and Fitzalan&#39;s Botanical Gardens. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 February 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Flecker Botanic Gardens, a public reserve south of Mt Islay in the Mt Whitfield Range, was established in the mid-1880s as part of a recreation reserve, just a decade after the town of Cairns was first surveyed in 1876 as a port to service the Hodgkinson goldfield. Although never officially gazetted for botanic garden purposes, botanic gardens were developed in the recreation reserve at its inception. The work of botanist Eugene Fitzalan in the 1880s and 1890s, Cairns City Council nurserymen and curators from the 1920s and naturalist Dr Hugo Flecker from the 1930s to the 1950s, has contributed to the development of the gardens as a significant botanic and recreation space in Cairns. Of cultural heritage significance the garden area is bounded by Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and McDonnell Streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 the Cairns Progress Association had advocated for a botanic garden to be established in the vicinity of Cairns. During the 19th and early 20th centuries botanic gardens were considered important for recreation, the preservation of indigenous vegetation, the display of native flora and fauna, and the acclimatisation of economically useful plants. In November 1886 an area of about 71 acres (29 hectares) west and south of Mt Islay, comprising suburban sections 71, 74, 75 and 76 (surveyed in 1885), was gazetted as a temporary reserve for recreation under the control of Cairns Municipal Council (established in 1885). This land comprised the southern and western foothills of Mt Islay and a lowland swamp.</p><br>
<p>Previous non-indigenous use of the land had been restricted to timber cutting, the forming of tracks through the rainforest scrub to assist with timber extraction, and Chinese market garden cultivation in the northeast corner of the reserve. The site was located approximately three miles (5 kilometres) from the centre of Cairns adjacent to the recently surveyed Cairns to Kuranda railway right of way, which would make it publicly accessible. In April 1887 suburban section 68 was added, to create a reserve of over 97 acres (about 40 hectares). A further 11 acres (4.45 hectares) was added in May 1892, when swampy land lying between the recreation reserve and the railway line was incorporated into the reserve, including an area at the foot of Mt Islay, west of Saltwater Creek, previously cultivated by Chinese market gardeners under special lease.</p><br>
<p>In December 1886 the Cairns Municipal Council came to an agreement with Eugene Fitzalan, a trained botanist, to establish an ornamental garden on the recreation reserve, sufficiently attractive to entice the public. In return Fitzalan was permitted to sell refreshments (which would enhance the public appeal of the gardens) and to operate a private commercial nursery from the reserve. He was appointed caretaker of the reserve with a nominal annual salary of £5.</p><br>
<p>Eugene Fitzherbert Albini Fitzalan (1830 - 1911) was born in Derry, Ireland and was a botanical collector in England and Mexico before arriving in Australia in 1849. He was a keen orchid collector, and on at least one occasion collected with Baron von Mueller, who regarded Fitzalans specimens very highly. Fitzalan had at least two orchids named after him by von Mueller. He made many botanical expeditions in Victoria and along the Queensland coast on the Spitfire in 1860, at Mount Elliot with botanist John Dallachy in 1863 and in the Daintree area in 1875, before arriving in Cairns in 1886. He developed nurseries in Geelong, Brisbane and Bowen and collected specimens for the Herbarium of Victoria. A number of Fitzalans specimens were sent to Kew Gardens, London, where they were examined by taxonomist George Bentham for inclusion in the botanical volumes of Flora australiensis. At least nine plant specimens were named after him: Atractocarpus fitzalanii; Eria fitzalanii; Euulophia fitzalanii; Lepistermon fitzalanii; Macropteranthes fitzalanii; Musa fitzalanii; Psychotria fitzalanii; and Randia fitzalanii. The latter is a native gardenia that today is used extensively for commercial purposes.</p><br>
<p>Fitzalan developed about 5 acres (2 hectares) in the northeast of the reserve as an ornamental botanic garden (known variously as Rosebank or Fitzalans Botanical Gardens), largely on the site of earlier Chinese market gardens. An 1891 survey plan indicates that Fitzalans early gardens were located on section 75, just south of Collins Avenue, below what is now the Tanks Arts Centre. This was a short distance from the railway line near the cutting at the Three Mile, where the Edge Hill railway station was constructed in 1888-1889. Access to the gardens was made easier in 1887 when a crossing was made over Saltwater Creek.</p><br>
<p>Between 1887 and 1891 Fitzalan landscaped the ground, planted colourful garden beds and constructed a perimeter fence to keep out goats. He built a small cottage in the garden and established the Edge Hill Nursery, constructing a long shed roofed with coarse canvas in which he raised seedlings and cuttings and in 1887 cut a main garden path, about 9 feet wide, through the reserve at his own expense, planting specimen and fruit trees along its length. In 1891 this pathway was surveyed as Edge Hill Road (Collins Avenue from 1934). He also formed other paths opening off this track, including a circular walking track through the rainforest.</p><br>
<p>Among the plants cultivated by Fitzalan were 50 varieties of roses, 11 varieties of hibiscus, orchids, ferns, rain trees, native myrtle and local plants from the adjacent Mt Whitfield Range. He also grew coffee, and grafted orange, lemons and mangoes, which he made available to residents of the area. He exported large numbers of orchids, palms and palm seeds, ferns and other plants to Europe, and received specimens from other parts of Australia to trial in a tropical environment. Fitzalan relinquished his caretaker role in 1897 due to poor health. In 1906 the Cairns Council Nursery was established. The function of this nursery was the propagation of plants and shrubs to supply municipal needs.</p><br>
<p>Fitzalan&#39;s garden and nursery continued on this site under the curatorship of James Morgan (1897 - 1900) and Charles Gurd (1901 - 1906) until it was moved to its current site in 1906. Charles Gurd continued as curator until 1923 when Les Wright was appointed nurseryman.</p><br>
<p>In December 1921 the reserve was declared a permanent recreation reserve of 109.5 acres (just over 44 hectares) under the trusteeship of Cairns Town Council. In 1923 Les Wright was appointed as Council&#39;s nurseryman a position he held until 1947. Wright was permitted to construct a house (no longer standing) on the reserve, adjacent to the nursery.</p><br>
<p>From the early 1930s there were community calls for the establishment of a formal botanical garden within the recreation reserve. Momentum came largely from Dr Hugo Flecker (1884 - 1957) and the North Queensland Naturalist Club, which he founded in 1932. Melbourne-born Flecker was a radiologist with a strong interest in natural history, especially toxic plants and animals. He undertook valuable work on the Queensland Finger Cherry and the Tar Tree and identified the deadly box jelly, Chironex fleckeri. From 1935 he contributed a weekly column to the Cairns Post on behalf of the Naturalist Club, in which he publicly advocated the establishment of a botanic garden at the recreation reserve.</p><br>
<p>In 1933, with encouragement from the Queensland Government Botanist, Cyril White, Flecker established the North Queensland Naturalists Club Herbarium in the grounds of the councils nursery in the recreation reserve. The club&#39;s collection grew from around 1,600 specimens in 1937 to about 5,000 in 1950 and an estimated final collection size of around 10,680 specimens. The collection proved popular with visitors, enhancing their experiences of the gardens. Until 1949 specimens were housed at the gardens in a storeroom supplied and erected by the Cairns City Council, then the collection was moved to the former Kuranda Barracks on the Cairns Esplanade. It returned briefly to the Cairns Botanic Gardens from 1967 to 1971, but is now fully incorporated in the general collection at the CSIRO Division of Forest Research at Atherton.</p><br>
<p>In 1934-35 a significant advance was made with around 25 acres (10 hectares) of the reserve on the lower slopes of Mt Islay cleared of heavy undergrowth and planted with young trees. The mayor of Cairns advised that the reserve would be planted with "permanent trees which are noteworthy for their ornamentation and their regularity of design, planted at pre-determined distances, so that they will provide permanent avenues of great beauty." Trees and shrubs of a less "permanent" nature were to be removed and relocated to other parts of the reserve allowing for the development of avenues lined with pine, acacia, palms, Poinciana and others. This project continued until 1940 when part of the recreation reserve (suburban section 74, north of the council nursery) was converted to a Quarry Reserve for war purposes and part of the 1930s gardens work was destroyed by quarrying. It appears that oil palms, poincianas, hoop pines, two rubber trees, a Dillenia, a Schizolobium, an Indian mango, a Wongi plum, a Terminalia and a Malay Apple were planted during this period by Les Wright.</p><br>
<p>As part of the re-development and in common with formal Botanic gardens, in 1936 the Cairns City Council established a zoological garden in the reserve, to display native birds and animals. This enhanced the appeal of the gardens to visitors, locals and tourists alike, and was popular with American and Australian soldiers during World War Two. Les Wright was appointed curator. Succeeding curators continued to build up the collection but the zoo was closed in 1953 for economic reasons.</p><br>
<p>Following Wrights death in 1947, Tom Mitchell was appointed to the curators position. He held this position until his death in 1953. A red brick house was built for Mitchell in the early 1950s. This house today houses the Garden&#39;s information centre and administration offices. Mitchell died in 1953 and the position was taken up by Jim Gould until 1966.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 Cairns City Council appointed Vince Winkel as Curator of Parks, Gardens and Reserves, a position he held until 1984, and in March 1967 adopted a five-year plan to develop 8 acres (3.24 hectares) in the northwest of the Edge Hill reserve as a small botanical gardens. Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and McDonnell streets bordered the site. Winkel designed the new garden, laying out a figure-of-eight walkway. The site was cut diagonally by a small creek over which a bridge was erected, and the banks of the creek were planted with various trees including Cassia, Bauhinias, Parka, Caesalpina, Tabebuia and Semecarpus australiensis, known as the Tar tree.</p><br>
<p>Galvanised pipe railings were placed as needed and where necessary banks were retained with a variety of materials, predominantly small concrete slabs. Garden beds and path edges were built up and retained with flat and smooth river stones. A variety of materials were used for paving in this area: bricks, broken concrete slabs set into the path, and concrete "crazy paving". Walking areas such as footbridges and steps were rendered "non-slip" with the application of exposed aggregate concrete.</p><br>
<p>The focal point in the centre of the figure of eight was a fernery, constructed in 1968 to house the fern collection of the early and influential Munro-Martin family. It featured a miniature waterfall and pond with water lilies and fish. Near the fernery was the Curator&#39;s office which housed the Flecker Herbarium, a grass hut used as a shelter shed, and a picnic area with swings and a large dug out canoe for children to play in.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the Cairns City Council named its new garden the Flecker Botanic Gardens to commemorate Dr Fleckers contribution to botany. (The name has since been applied to the whole of the recreation reserve). At this time there was a collection of over 100 different species of native orchids growing on a line of palms, and over 100 species of palms including oil palms and royal palms in the area facing Collins Avenue. North of this area and facing McCormack Street was a densely wooded area containing earlier plantings. After 1966 this area was cleared of lantana and undergrowth and pathways established. Among the plantings at this time were coffee, tea, cocoa, turmeric, ginger, curry leaf and other medicinal plants including Taraktogenos from Burma. The largest tree in this area at this time was the Samanea saman or Rain Tree from South America, and well advanced were two Hevea brasiliensis, a source of rubber, ready for tapping. A "fine specimen" of breadfruit was growing in front of the curators office in 1973.</p><br>
<p>In 1974 the Flecker Botanic Gardens was listed in the International Directory of Botanical Gardens, following an invitation received from the Association of Botanical Gardens (now The Botanic Gardens Conservation International) in Edinburgh. At this period the gardens held an amazing variety and quantity of ferns, some of which were exceptionally rare. Flecker Botanic Gardens remains a member of this Association.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s the Flecker Botanic Gardens contributed to plant exchanges with overseas agencies, the acclimatisation of plants, and cataloguing plants for ready reference. Visitor experience and enjoyment was enhanced with the addition of aviaries in 1974 to house pheasants, peacocks and bush turkeys, and the children&#39;s playground was extended with the installation of a tree house.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 new entrance gates were erected at the 1971 Flecker Botanic Gardens to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the founding of the North Queensland Naturalists&#39; Club.</p><br>
<p>Cyclones have had a significant and devastating effect on the flora of the botanical gardens. In February 1986 Cyclone Winifred caused extensive damage and many trees, some nearly 100 years old, were severely damaged. A number of plants were lost at this time to theft.</p><br>
<p>Following the cyclone a three-year plan was implemented by Cairns City Council to upgrade the gardens. This included the redevelopment of the Munro-Martin Fernery and the orchid propagation house; tree labelling including Braille tree labels; continuation of botanic records; construction of paving; and an Aboriginal wild food walk. A restaurant was constructed near the curator&#39;s office, opening in January 1987. At this time tourist operators considered the Flecker Botanic Gardens the third most popular tourist attraction in the region, with a visitor rate of 100,000 per annum.</p><br>
<p>Public awareness of the gardens increased with the formation of the Friends of the Botanical Gardens in 1989. During the 1990s the educative function of the botanic garden was emphasised. Interpretative services and guided walks were introduced and an annual Botanical Garden Festival introduced.</p><br>
<p>Flecker Botanic Gardens continues its important botanic role, extending its collection of endangered species from the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area and providing assistance to both national and international scientific work. The garden maintains national and international memberships such as the Royal Australian Institute of Parks and Recreation, and Botanic Gardens Conservation International, and is noted nationally and internationally for its collections of palms, gingers and aroids.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Flecker Botanic Gardens is bounded by Collins Avenue and McCormack, Goodwin and MacDonnell streets. Some plantings in this area need to be considered with respect to their possible age. The corner of Collins Avenue and McCormack Street along the western boundary has a group planting including two very large hoop pines Araucaria cunninghamii, a Cook pine Araucaria columnaris, a sausage tree Kigelia pinnata, and a large fig tree Ficus spp. The association of these species in botanical gardens was not uncommon in the late 19th century, as at Queens Park, Maryborough.</p><br>
<p>Further north of this group of plants, towards Goodwin Street, the association of a particularly large rain tree with a blue quandong, a damson plum, a clump of bamboo of the same species as that in the Fitzalan Gardens and mature mangoes, is seen.</p><br>
<p>Rainforest understorey plants line the creek bank and pathways in this area and again the association of a blue quandong, paperbarks and a Leichhardt tree is seen. The 1960s figure-of-eight walkway has persisted and Fitzalan Creek is crossed by two footbridges. The southern portion of the gully area has the oldest paving. A variety of paving materials are used, including bricks, concrete slabs and concrete "crazy paving." Retaining walls reflect this pattern: log retaining walls and concrete stone pitching in southern parts give way to block walls in northern areas.</p><br>
<p>The materials used in this work are simple in contrast to the workmanship evident in its execution, which is of an outstanding quality. Railings made of galvanised pipe are placed as needed. Over time a number of these have been replaced with timber railings. Where necessary banks are retained with a variety of materials, predominantly small concrete slabs approximately 75mm high x 300mm long x 250mm deep, laid into the banks. Garden beds and path edges are built up and retained with flat and smooth rivers stones, generally the size (but not the shape) of lawn bowls balls, bedded horizontally.</p><br>
<p>Walking areas such as footbridges and steps are rendered "non-slip" with the application of exposed aggregate concrete utilising large river-washed pebbles approximately 20 to 50 mm in diameter.</p><br>
<p>Understorey plantings in the Fitzalan Creek gully area have no doubt changed over time. Today aroids, gingers and Asian species dominate the head of the gully and a variety of tropical ground cover species enjoy the canopy provided in the lower area of the gully by remnant vegetation including impressive specimens of the paperbark Melaleuca leucadendron, damson plum and Leichhardt trees.</p><br>
<p>There are three open lawn areas within the Flecker Botanic Gardens: an area immediately adjacent to the main entry off Collins Avenue; a large open space used for open-air performances and large gatherings in the northeast area of the site adjacent to McDonnell Street; and a tree and shrub lined linear space along Goodwin Street. The main entry lawn has a large teak tree Tectona Grandis, planted in 1946, as the centre lawn specimen and the remnants of a large yellow poinciana Peltophorum pterocarpum to the northeast of this. The latter tree shows the scars of significant storm damage over time and today provides the support for a collection of epiphytic plants.</p><br>
<p>Along the MacDonnell Street boundary and immediately adjacent to the open-air performance area, are a number of very large and mature trees including a Bayur tree Pterospermum acerifolium, a multi-trunked mock orange Murraya exotica, a Cassia javanica, and a multi-trunked Tar tree. These specimens are particularly mature and are species that could well have been used in earlier planting schemes.</p><br>
<p>Buildings have a minimal visual presence on this site. The 1968 Munro-Martin Fernery is constructed of galvanised pipe framing approximately 50mm in diameter with a central barrel vault and side aisle areas sheeted with galvanised steel mesh and enclosed externally with shade cloth. Timber lattice panels flank the front entrance. The fernery is in clear view across the lawn from the main entrance gate to the Flecker Botanic Gardens. Adjoining the Munro-Martin Fernery to the west is the George Watkins Orchid House (1986) constructed from similar materials but on a smaller scale. Neither of the structures housing the fernery or the orchid collection is considered to be of cultural heritage significance. The commemorative entrance gates (1982) are constructed with decorative stonework.</p><br>
<p>Other built elements in this area of the gardens lie buried under the exuberant foliage and are "discovered" when wandering the various pathways. These include the red brick curator&#39;s office and information centre (1950s), a restaurant (1987) and two toilet blocks. The placement and scale of these buildings on the site is significant, rendering them unobtrusive in the landscape. However, the structures themselves are not considered to be of high cultural heritage significance. Fencing around this area of the gardens is not significant.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Flecker Botanical Gardens was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 2 February 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates the development and continued management of a botanic garden in a regional city as a theme in the evolution and pattern of Queensland&#39;s history. The Flecker Botanic Gardens (earlier Cairns Botanical Gardens) was established in 1886 as part of a recreation reserve. From the 1930s the Flecker Botanic Gardens has fulfilled the traditional functions of a botanical gardens, including increasing horticultural knowledge about local plants with a view to developing their economic potential, sharing of this knowledge and seed stock with like-minded institutions nationally and internationally, providing an attractive and educative venue for public recreation, and in some instances providing plant material to the public.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial wet tropics public botanical gardens that has evolved over time, including early groupings of exotic and indigenous plantings (early to mid 20th century) and the botanical display garden, designed and developed by curator Vince Winkel in the 1960s. Important characteristics also include: infrastructure associated with displaying the gardens, especially that dating from the 1960s-1980s (including the figure-of-eight walkway, other pathways, retaining walls, footbridges, paving, railings, drainage systems, and raised and built up garden beds); the provision of specialist displays; specimen plantings of trees and shrubs; and the incorporation of open lawn areas within the design. The current Gardens, developed during the 1960s demonstrate plantings, displays, plant collections, bridges and visitor facilities similar in concept to other regional botanic gardens.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The visual display of the plant material in the Flecker Botanic Gardens captures the exuberant ambience associated with imagery of the "lush tropics". Large trees, both native to this habitat and exotic, provide the planting structure and canopy framework for the understorey collection and display of colourful orchids, gingers, aroids and ferns. The natural topography of gentle foothill and slopes, creek, gully and swampland has been sensitively incorporated into the design of the display. The aesthetic of the site has quietly evolved with, and emerged from, its natural environment rather than being designed to dominate and overpower its space in the landscape. This contributes to the enduring charm of the place as a recreational venue.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the work of naturalist Dr Hugo Flecker in the mid-20th century. The North Queensland Naturalist Club was established in 1932 by Dr Flecker. He housed its extensive herbarium collection in the gardens from 1933 until 1949. This collection returned to the Flecker Botanic Gardens briefly from 1967 to 1971. It is now incorporated into the CSIRO collection.</p><br>
<p>Since the 1930s, the place has had a special association with the work of the Cairns City Council in developing and promoting the Botanic gardens as a place of recreation and, since the 1960s, as an internationally recognised source of scientific information and education in the wet tropics of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The High Street Historic District encompasses a well-preserved 19th-century residential area of Camden, Maine. Extending along High Street , the district has maintained its character since the 1920s, despite encroaching commercialization of nearby areas, and retains a cross-section of architecture of the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, and enlarged in 1999 to include the Olmsted Brothers-designed Harbor Park at Main and Atlantic.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Camden is located on the west side of Penobscot Bay in the Mid Coast area of Maine. Its town center is at the mouth of the Megunticook River, where the first English settlers established mills in 1771. The town was incorporated in 1791, and grew in the 19th century as a shipping and shipbuilding port. United States Route 1 is the primary road through the community, passing through the commercial center at the river and continuing north toward Belfast. The area immediately north of the river was initially farmland, but was developed over time as the town&#39;s economy grew over the course of the 19th century, transitioning from a fishing and shipbuilding community, to one that is based mainly on tourism.</p><br>
<p>The High Street district begins at the junction of Main and Atlantic Streets, abutting the Camden Great Fire Historic District, which encompasses the town&#39;s commercial area. Its southernmost properties are the Harbor Park and the 1929 Camden Public Library and adjacent landscaped amphitheater, the latter two a National Historic Landmark for the landscape work by Fletcher Steele. The park, designed by the Olmsted Brothers, was developed in the 1930s, and retains its original path layout and other features. From the library, the district extends north along Main and High Streets as far as Marine Drive, including houses that once served as farmhouses early in the 19th century, and the elaborate Queen Anne Norumbega Castle and Carriage House (the latter now a separate residence).</p><br>
<p>The Portland Main Post Office is located at 125 Forest Avenue in the Parkside neighborhood of Portland, Maine. The building in which it is located, now shared with other businesses, was built in 1932 to a design by noted Maine architects John Calvin Stevens and John Howard Stevens and enlarged in 1967. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 for its Colonial Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Portland Main Post Office is located on the east side of Forest Avenue, across the street from Deering Oaks park. The building and its associated parking areas occupy the entire block bounded on the north by Kennebec Street and on the south by Portland Street. The southern part of the building is its older portion; it is a steel-framed structure finished in brick and stone, two stories in height. Its front is divided into thirteen bays, articulated by brick pilasters, with most of the ground-floor bays filled with windows set in round-arch openings. The center three bays house the original main entrance, and the outer three bays on each side are in projecting wings with gabled fronts. The addition to the north is of roughly equal size to the original, but has much simpler styling.</p><br>
<p>The post office was built in 1932, at an appropriated cost of $850,000. When built, it was the second largest post office in New England, second in size to that in Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by the father-and-son team of John Calvin Stevens and John Howard Stevens in the "New England Colonial" style, a blend of Colonial and Classical Revival styles. The addition, built in 1967 to house other federal offices, was designed by Richard Wright of Lewiston. The post office is now located in the addition; the original building now houses a variety of commercial, professional, and government offices.</p><br>
<p>The Hosford–Sherman Farm is a historic farm property on Vermont Route 30 in northern Poultney, Vermont. Established in the late 18th century, the farm includes the original farmhouse, now an ell to a 19th-century brick house, and a late 19th-century barn, along with more than 120 acre of farmland. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hosford–Sherman Farm is located in rural northern Poultney, its many farm complex divided by VT 30, about 0.5 mi north of its junction with Saltis Road. Set among open fields, the dominant elements of the farm complex are its house and barn, both of which stand near the road. The barn, on the west side, is a large 2-1/2 story post-and-beam structure, with a late 19th-century core, to which a number of additions have been made in the late 19th and 20th centuries. A cross-gabled addition with overhead door at its center defines the street-facing front, and there is a round silo at the rear. The house, located across the street, is a 2-1/2 story brick structure, with an older attached 1-1/2 story ell. Basically vernacular, it is five bays wide, with end chimneys and an unframed center entrance. Behind the house is a combination tool shed and chicken house.</p><br>
<p>The farm was probably first established by Ebenezer Smith, who sold it in 1790, with a small house (presumed to be the ell of the brick house) included, to Reuben Hosford. Hosford farmed, and also operated a nearby tavern on the road, which (then as now) was the major north-south route through the town. His granddaughter married Olcott Sherman, who is credited with building the brick house. The property was, as of its listing on the National Register in 1995, still in the hands of Sherman&#39;s descendants, although the only remaining commercial agricultural activity was haying.</p><br>
<p>Alley Family Graves is a heritage-listed cemetery at Gillies Highway, Gordonvale, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1977. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 August 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Alley Family Graves sites contains the graves of William Saunders Alley and his wife Mary Alley, George Gorham Alley and his wife Mary Ellen Alley, Sarah Blackwell, and Willie (adopted infant son of Richard and Sarah Blackwell). There are also memorial plaques in memory of Richard Blackwell, James Healy and Bridget Hill (formerly Healy), and William Saunders Alley (b.1887 d. 1977). The site is located fronting the Gillies Highway, with sugar cane surrounding on three sides.</p><br>
<h3>William Saunders Alley and Mary Alley (nee Banks)</h3><br>
<p>WS Alley was born in London and grew up in Gosport. He was the son of a Commander in the British Merchant service, and at a young age went to sea and travelled extensively. Late in 1854 he became a member of the crew of the John Davies which sailed from Liverpool for Australia, arriving at Moreton Bay in May 1855. He left the ship at Brisbane and married Mary Banks, who had been a passenger on the John Davies. Mary was born at Logniddry, County Haddington, Scotland. They had three children, Sarah (who married Richard Blackwell), Mary (who married Tom Williams) and George Gorham (who married Mary Ellen Healy).</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane, WS Alley was the proprietor of several hotels. He was also the owner of punts which ran between Brisbane and Ipswich. He left Brisbane c.1877 for the Blackall Mine in the Banana district, and then to the Mount Perry goldfields. From there he proceeded to Cairns and settled at Cairns and Smithfield. He was involved in trading and timber-getting at Smithfield and ran a steam launch, the Countess, and a sailing ship from Cairns to Smithfield. He was also involved in timber-getting on the Barron River with his son-in-law Richard Blackwell and his son George Gorham in 1878. He was attracted by the stands of timber on the Mulgrave River, and with his family was the first to take a bullock team to the Mulgrave River (near where Gordonvale is today) in 1878. The journey to the Mulgrave took nearly three weeks, hacking a passage through swamp and scrub. On arrival at the Mulgrave they camped near where the Mulgrave Sugar Mill is located today.</p><br>
<p>The land from Cape Tribulation south was proclaimed open for selection 1 March 1877 under the Crown Lands Alienation Act of 1876 which contained residential clauses. The first land was not taken up until March 1878. WS Alley, on 29 August 1879, took up the first land on the Mulgrave, which consisted of 640 acres and which he named Riverstone. The Alley Family Graves site is located on this land.</p><br>
<p>Initially he was involved in dairying and timber-getting. He erected the Riverstone Hotel in 1880, which was located on the pack track to Herberton. The Riverstone Hotel was described as:"perhaps the nicest and best loved development in providing for the traveller was WS Alley&#39;s Riverstone Hotel the most welcome over night stopping place. Here WS Alley laid out extensive and tasteful tropical gardens and orchards, kept his own dairy and supplied his guests and Cairns with fresh butter. It became the social centre for the district, in demand for farewell gatherings, testimonial dinners and such happy occasions. Here were held dances to the thin sweet strains of the concertina played with the background of the tinkle of bells of packers mules and horses bringing down their ingots of tin. This was built before 1882 and burned down in 1907."WS Alley reportedly erected the first dwelling, constructed the first bridge and road at his own expense, and grubbed (clearing of stumps), cleared and formed a road for about seven miles from Riverstone to Trinity Inlet. He was also a member of the Cairns Divisional Board and a Justice of the Peace.</p><br>
<p>According to their headstones, Mary Alley died in 1887 aged 50. WS Alley died on the 1 July 1889 aged 57. At the time of his death, the Cairns Post newspaper reported that he was buried by the side of his wife "in a pretty flower decked grave in the garden he loved so well".</p><br>
<h3>Sarah Blackwell (nee Alley) and Richard Blackwell</h3><br>
<p>Sarah married Richard Blackwell from Cornwall at the Blackall Mine in the Banana district. Richard Blackwell was originally motivated by the pursuit of gold. Before coming to Australia he had been at great Caribou rush in the Canadian wilds. In 1877-78 Richard Blackwell, with his wife and brother-in-law George Gorham Alley (aged 15–16), travelled overland in a dray from the Mt Perry goldfields to Brisbane. They then proceeded to Cooktown by ship, then to the Hodgkinson and Palmer Goldfields. They then travelled down the Kuranda Range and joined WS Alley in Smithfield where he was involved in trading and timber-getting. Sarah Blackwell was reportedly the first woman to ride down the Kuranda Range. Richard Blackwell was involved with WS Alley and George Gorham timber-getting on the Barron in 1878. They then accompanied WS Alley on the journey from Cairns to the Mulgrave River in 1878.</p><br>
<p>Richard Blackwell, on 18 October 1879, took up land in the Mulgrave area known as Plain Camp, near where Gordonvale is now located. He reportedly made a gift of part of this land for the establishment of the Mulgrave Mill. The Sugar Works Guarantee Act of 1893 provided for the erection of approved Central Mills on a government loan if farmers mortgaged their land as security. After the principal and interest had been met, these Central Mills were to be handed to the growers as Cooperative Mills. The Mulgrave settlers organisation evolved from a meeting held at Tom Mackeys farm, at which Richard Blackwell was in attendance. A provisional directorate was formed with Mackey as Chairman. The original memorandum of the Association of the Mulgrave Central Mill Co Ltd dated 14 November 1893, was registered in Brisbane 20 April 1895. Signatories to this included Richard Blackwell. The nominal capital of £40,000 was increased to £60,000 in 1896. The Mulgrave Central Mill enterprise proceeded rapidly, and Richard Blackwell was one of the first directors of the Mulgrave Mill. According to the plaque at Riverstone, he died in May 1920 and is buried in the Waverley Cemetery in Sydney.</p><br>
<p>According to her headstone at Riverstone, Sarah Blackwell died in April 1929 aged 71. Willie, the adopted infant son of Richard and Sarah Blackwell, is also buried at Riverstone aged 11 months.</p><br>
<h3>George Gorham Alley and Mary Ellen Alley (nee Healy)</h3><br>
<p>In 1877-78 at the age of 15-16, George Gorham accompanied his sister Sarah and brother-in-law Richard Blackwell who travelled overland in a dray from the Mount Perry goldfields to Brisbane. They then proceeded to Cooktown by ship, then to the Hodgkinson and Palmer Goldfields. They then travelled down the Kuranda Range and joined WS Alley in Smithfield where he was trading. George Gorham took a post in a store until 1878 when he joined Richard Blackwell and his father WS Alley timber-getting on the Barron. He accompanied the family on their journey from Cairns to Mulgrave in 1878. WS Alley selected land on the Mulgrave in 1879, but George stayed for a time on his own account rafting timber.</p><br>
<p>George felled timber for Burns Philp and other syndicates c.1883, and is described as a "scrub pioneer of Tableland cedar". The logs were to be put in adjacent creeks or the main river. The payment was at the rate of five shillings per 100 superfeet on logs when placed in a waterway and a further fifteen shillings on sound arrival at the mouth. After his father&#39;s death in 1889, he operated the Riverstone Hotel with Richard and Sarah. He later engaged in cane farming and was a director of the Mulgrave Mill. According to his headstone he died at Riverstone in August 1930 aged 67.</p><br>
<p>George Alley&#39;s wife Mary Ellen arrived in Cairns with the early settlers with her parents James and Bridget Healy, and brother Frank, in 1876. James Healy was a constable (most likely one of the first police constables in 1876 when a new police station was opened in Cairns). Healy was born at Ballinamuck, Ireland, and had landed in Brisbane in 1866 and joined the police force on 9 September 1868. He was stationed at Cleveland Bay when transferred to Trinity Bay and left Townsville on 28 October 1876. He brought his family to Cairns and but died soon after. His widow married James Hill, a selector on Wrights Creek where for a time he ran the Mulgrave hotel. According to her headstone at Riverstone, Mary Ellen died at Gordonvale in January 1943 aged 69.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Alley Family Graves site consists of three headstones and three plaques set on a concrete platform containing the graves of six family members. The concrete platform is framed by four palms, and the graves site is located fronting the Gillies Highway to the northwest, and surrounded by sugarcane fields to remaining three sides.</p><br>
<p>The headstones and platform surrounds appear to be mostly of concrete. The northwestern headstone is the smallest, and has an inlaid stone plaque in memory of Mary Ellen Alley. The centre headstone is engraved in memory of Sarah Blackwell and George Gorham Alley. The southeastern headstone is the tallest, and has a metal plaque affixed to the front engraved in memory of Mary Alley, Willie and William Saunders Alley. There are also three plaques, one of which is in memory of Richard Blackwell (buried Waverley cemetery, Sydney). The remaining two plaques are in memory of James Healy and Bridget Hill (formerly Healy), and William Saunders Alley (b.1887 d. 1977). A small metal nameplate has the name Melrose and Fenwick Ltd, who may have been responsible for the construction of the headstones or grave surrounds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Alley Family Graves was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 August 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>William Saunders Alley, with his wife and family, was the first to take a bullock team to the Mulgrave River in 1878, and in August 1879 took up the first land on the Mulgrave which consisted of 640 acres and which he named Riverstone. Soon after, in October 1879, Richard Blackwell took up land known as Plain Camp, near where Gordonvale is now located.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The site is of aesthetic significance, and its highly visible location and well maintained surrounds, including four mature palms, contribute to its local landmark status.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Alley Family Graves site has a close association with the life and work of the Alley and Blackwell families - early settlers, timber-getters, and proprietors of the Riverstone Hotel - in the establishment and development of the Mulgrave area south of Cairns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The Alley and Blackwell families were also associated with the establishment of the Mulgrave Mill, and through their association with the Riverstone Hotel and other activities, were well known and highly regarded in the local community.</p><br>
<p>Jones Business College, also known as the Jones Building, is a historic building located in Perry, Iowa, United States. C. Durant Jones was a social activist who supported the cause of Prohibition. Jones developed and promoted the "Jones Chautauqua System," which was a series of Chautauqua-style productions that promoted the temperance movement across Iowa in the 1910s. He also owned and operated a normal school and a commercial school. All three of these ventures were operated from this building from 1913, when it was built, until 1921. The foundation and walls of this structure are composed of poured concrete, a reaction to the fires that plagued Perry. After its academic and administration use, the building was converted into apartments. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Anthony M. McColl House is a historic dwelling located in Woodward, Iowa, United States. McColl settled in Dallas County, Iowa with his family in 1877. He was a local businessman who served as mayor of Woodward and two terms in the Iowa Senate as a Republican. He resigned his Senate seat to take a seat of the State Board of Control, which he served on for 18 years. He was also board chairman for several terms. While on the board he was able to influence the location of the "Iowa Hospital for Epileptics and School for Feeble Minded" in Woodward. It would later be called the Woodward State Hospital. McColl bought this property in 1900 while he was mayor. He had the house built 1903-1904 at the time he married Bessie Clyde Craft. The two-story frame structure represents the transitional architectural period from the popularity of the Queen Anne style to the Neoclassical. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Second Innisfail Court House is a heritage-listed former court house and police station in Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia, which was subsequently relocated and used as a private residence at 40 Buckley Street, Yorkeys Knob, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built from 1920 to 1930s. It is also known as the former Innisfail Police Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 December 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The second Innisfail Court House at 40 Buckley Street, Yorkeys Knob is a high-set timber building originally constructed in 1920-1921 as a court house and government offices on the corner of Rankine and Edith Streets, Innisfail. In 1938 the building was moved a short distance to a site in Edith Street, Innisfail. With the third and present Innisfail Court House (built of rendered brick in interwar-classical style) opening in 1940, the timber building was converted to the Innisfail Police Station in 1942. The building was purchased by private owners in 1988, moved to its present location at Yorkeys Knob and adapted for use as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Johnstone River area was settled by cedar-cutters, with the first major planting of sugar cane occurring in 1880 by TH Fitzgerald. In 1881 the first sugar mill was erected in the area and a town was laid out at the junctions of the North and South Johnstone Rivers. The town was named Geraldton in 1883, although in 1910 it was changed to Innisfail to avoid confusion with the Western Australian town of the same name.</p><br>
<p>The town&#39;s first official building, described by Dorothy Jones as a "long low iron structure" was erected, probably on the police reserve, and accommodated a Police Station, court house, unofficial Post Office, Lands Office, Customs Office, an office for the Clerk of Petty Sessions and a gaol. Tenders for a second court house were called in late 1887, and a timber building was built on the corner of the police reserve bounded by Edith and Rankine Streets. By the late 1900s-early 1910s the Innisfail district was attracting attention from both land speculators and settlers, with a particular focus on sugar production. The Queensland Government expressed its intention of opening up Mourilyan Harbour and of resuming, and extending the local tramline inland from the coast, which gave further impetus to development of the district as a sugar production area.</p><br>
<p>It was normal practice in colonial days for country and regional court houses to be built of timber, often with corrugated iron elements. These buildings were usually single story and unassuming, consisting of little more than two or three rooms arranged longitudinally and surrounded by verandahs on at least three sides. Surviving examples from this period in the tropics include Port Douglas Court House(1879) and Croydon Court House (1887). The 1888 timber court house in Innisfail suffered considerable damage in the devastating cyclone of 1918, which destroyed an estimated 75% of Innisfail&#39;s buildings. It was replaced in 1920-1921 with a timber building on high stumps with an iron roof and 8 foot wide verandahs at front and sides. The 35 x 25 foot courtroom at the rear was detached from the front portion of the building by a 5 foot passage. The building also housed offices for various government departments as well as shops.</p><br>
<p>In the design of Colonial and State Government buildings in Queensland, there is considerable continuity, particularly in the use of timber as the predominant material, and in details of composition. Some of the design details in common use in government buildings, particularly from mid 1880s onwards, are window hoods, eaves details, gable decorations, verandah balustrades and roof vents. While many of these elements including timber composition were common to many buildings in Queensland from early on, government buildings such as court houses, post offices, schools, and police stations for example, can be distinguished from the common mode by the high standard of architectural composition, the careful detailing, and the attention to climate - as evidenced in the use of sun shading devices, ventilation systems, and the overhang of eaves beyond the verandah edges.</p><br>
<p>Many buildings constructed in Innisfail after the 1918 cyclone, demonstrate particular adaptations to cyclonic conditions. That many destroyed timber structures were re-built in reinforced concrete, masonry or rendered to offer some protection from the elements, poses historic inquiry of the 1920-1921 timber court house. It is notable that at least one of the alternative schemes for the new court house featured plans of a grand two-story masonry structure in inter-war free classical style. Indeed, court house architecture of the time set out to impress and awe the unfortunate citizens who were unlucky enough to be involved in the process of the law. As a result, most surviving examples from the 20th century are more permanent and refined masonry structures such as the Cairns Court House (1921) and the Dalby Court House (1930s). Even in small country towns it was common for second-generation court houses to be built this way, replacing an earlier and more basic timber building. The reasons for constructing the court house, a symbolically important building, out of timber at this time, may reflect availability of materials as well as economic factors, although further research could enlighten this debate.</p><br>
<p>Adaptations used in the construction of the Innisfail court house however, include the use of steel bolts to anchor the roof to the walls, and the walls to the floor beams, which were in turn bolted to the stumps. Diagonal crossbeams of hardwood timber were used to brace the walls of the building. These elements are thought to be early adaptations of construction methods to cyclonic conditions.</p><br>
<p>By 1932 some of the verandah space of the building was sacrificed for rooms, including the Police Magistrate and a jury room. The front section of the building was lengthened by 8 feet in 1933 to incorporate a Lands Office and Land Ranger&#39;s Office, and the rear of the courtroom extended 8 feet to add a verandah flanked by 2 storerooms. Then Assistant Chief Architect of the Queensland Government Harold James Parr drafted the alterations. Electricity, water and septic toilets were installed in 1933.</p><br>
<p>The vast majority of timber buildings built in North Queensland have traditionally relied on use of elevation, verandahs, and cross ventilation from windows to keep them cool. More elaborate conventions included regulating fanlights, ceiling vents and louvered openings on both sides of the roof or in gable ends. The second Innisfail court house incorporates these more common ventilation features with more advanced techniques. Plans and sections showing extensions to the building in 1933 reveal an elaborate ventilation system to cope with Innisfails hot and humid climate. The system featured latticed ventilation spaces in the ceiling that delivered hot air into pipes in the ceiling and out through a cupola-shaped ventilation fleche in a decorative casing on the court house roof. Although not in use since the buildings removal from Innisfail in 1988, the necessary elements of the ventilation system are still present in the ceiling. Bell (1984:178) confirms that intact examples of ceiling ventilation such as this are rare, as many have been removed or destroyed during installation of electric lights or ceiling fans. At floor level in the courtroom the lowest wallboards were hinged so they could be opened to increase airflow. Fanlights, sash windows and louvres assisted with ventilation. In 1934 a ventilation grille was installed behind the Judges Bench and casement windows installed in the Jurys Room. Although electric fans were first installed in 1938, and by 1990 there were 18 fans in the building, these upgrades have not affected the material fabric of the system.</p><br>
<p>While it is known that similar ventilation techniques were incorporated into other public buildings such as schools and post offices or other court houses during this period and earlier, the system within the second Innisfail court house now at Yorkeys Knob is rare in its survival in North Queensland. In all, the building has seven ceiling ventilation spaces attached to the ducting system and roof ventilator via metal hoods in the ceiling above them. This configuration is preserved intact and remains in the ceiling space.</p><br>
<p>Between 1920 and 1930 the total population of the Johnstone Shire ballooned from 5,549 to 18,088 people and the number of recorded dwellings rose from 700 to 3,130. The sugar districts of the north Queensland coast experienced a boom during the 1930s and it was considered necessary to expand the court house facilities in Innisfail to cope with the increasing amounts of official and legal business. In 1937 plans were drawn up for a new 2-storey brick court house, which was completed in 1939.</p><br>
<p>Timber and iron buildings are well adapted for removal and modification for re-use, and in north Queensland this has been a common response to changing economic conditions in settlements, such as mining towns. Bell considers that this was probably one of the influences on the design of timber buildings, and that it was not unusual for relocated buildings to undergo modification on re- erection, for stylistic or functional reasons, rather than be reconstructed to original forms.</p><br>
<p>The timber court house was moved to an excavated site at 8 Edith Street in 1938, placed on concrete stumps and adapted for use as the Innisfail Police Station, which opened in 1942. The front offices became a Day Room, CIB office, storeroom, Sub-Inspectors office and public enquiry rooms. One corner of the verandah was enclosed for a Senior Sergeants office. The courtroom was divided into single men&#39;s accommodation, with 6 bedrooms and a recreation room. The front double stairway was lengthened and one set of steps was removed to facilitate car parking underneath the building. The room partitions were constructed from fibro cement and the side verandahs were screened with lattice.</p><br>
<p>Other changes to the building that occurred when it was used as a police station include the installation of a fibrous cement partition between the Public Office and the Enquiries Room (which subsequently become a Radio Room), removal of a partition between the storeroom and Sub-Inspector&#39;s office and its replacement with a high arch partition, enclosure of the back verandah of the court room for use as 3 offices, and installation of a toilet on the side of the courtroom building. Several of the casement windows were replaced with louvres and most of the verandahs were enclosed.</p><br>
<p>A carpark was proposed for the site of the police station in 1988, and the building was purchased by Frank Fisher and Bea Masschelein for relocation as a private residence. It was moved to its present location at Buckley Street, Yorkeys Knob, on the northern beaches of Cairns. The front section of the building was sawn in half to facilitate removal, while the courtroom was removed in one piece. To fit the building on its new block, the arrangement of its two sections has been altered. The courtroom was placed to the eastern rear of the block (to the right of its original position) and joined to the front section by a verandah at the front and rear.</p><br>
<p>The architectural elements of the building combine grand scale "Queenslander" features and traditional court house architecture. While there are limited associations with government or justice in its current location, the building has become an important element of the streetscape of Buckley Street, overlooking the Yorkeys Knob Marina and Boat Club. Aesthetic features that can be appreciated from the street include the dominant use of timber as a construction material, pyramid shaped corrugated iron roof and the elaborate ventilation fleche and casing of the court room, pattern of 4 panel sash windows and vertically framed frenchlights, encircling verandahs, symmetrical double-elbow shaped front stairs, verandah entrance highlighted as a frontispiece by paired posts and gable pediment, slat balustrading, high set frame, large scale and its siting above street level.</p><br>
<p>Since its use as a private residence the building has undergone work to restore its original character, such as re-instatement of the front double steps and removal of the verandah enclosures. Internally some changes have been made for functional reasons, including construction of a kitchen in the former CIB office with a skylight in place of the original ventilation opening, construction of a bathroom in the former radio room and the use of the former Public Office as a bedroom. Some antique light fittings and fans have been installed that are similar but not identical to the originals and the former police bedrooms are now used as guest accommodation. The former courtroom is used as a recreation room and an arched doorway, salvaged from the Burns Philp building prior to its demolition in Cairns, leads from the courtroom to the verandah.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The second Innisfail court house sits on a terraced hillside block on Yorkeys Knob north of Cairns. It is an elevated timber building in two parts (the front section and rear right section orse former court house) with encircling verandahs. It has a corrugated iron pyramid roof over the front section and a corrugated iron hipped roof, terminating in a gable and skillion verandah roof over the right rear section. A set of symmetrical steps with double dowel balustrades leads from a gabled entrance porch at the centre of the front verandah. A white picket fence frames the building as viewed from Buckley Street.</p><br>
<p>The front and side verandahs feature double slat balustrades and arched timber verandah sweeps. The verandah ceiling is lined with timber. A verandah room is enclosed on the western side with tongue and groove timber boards and double hung sash windows. The buildings have external studs and some weatherboard framing.</p><br>
<h3>Former Offices</h3><br>
<p>Internally the front portion of the building contains an office, a bedroom, bathroom, kitchen and living/dining area. A line down the center of the hallway floor indicates where the building was cut for removal to its present location. Internal ceilings are lined with timber with four lattice ventilation openings and the floors are polished silky oak. There are three timber archways within the main living/kitchen areas. A number of French doors with glass fanlights lead from the living area to the encircling verandah. The kitchen features sash windows opening onto the western verandah. A bedroom and bathroom, separated by a fibro partition that reaches halfway to the ceiling (installed during its conversion to a police station) are on the western side of the front portion of the building. The bathroom is lined in tile and fibro cement sheeting boards and its fittings are constructed from materials salvaged during relocation of the building from Innisfail. The bedroom has three French doors, one opening north to the front verandah, one to the enclosed western verandah and one to the internal hall.</p><br>
<h3>Former Courtroom</h3><br>
<p>The rear right portion of the building (former court room) now incorporates a recreation room, guest accommodation, a bathroom and laundry, although its configuration remains from its conversion for police use. Ceilings are lined with timber and floors are original polished silky oak timber. Two lattice ventilation openings are visible in the unpainted ceiling, and four fans and cross bracing of painted metal poles are also evident. The recreation room contains four casement windows with fanlights, two timber doors opening onto the verandah at the rear and two timber doors opening onto the front verandah. There is also an arch door opening onto the verandah facing the street, which has been fitted since the buildings relocation. The lower wallboards on the western side can be opened for added ventilation. Many internal furnishings are original including a courtroom witness box, and prisoner&#39;s dock.</p><br>
<p>A timber door on the eastern side of the recreation room leads to a laundry and bathroom, both with tiled floors and timber walls. There are double hung sash windows with "kosiosko" glass in the bathroom and glass louvered windows in the laundry opening to the eastern side of the building. At the rear of the recreation room there are five bedrooms, three within the enclosed rear verandah of the former courtroom, and two forming the rear of the former court house. All have single skin timber walls and timber ceilings. Glass louvres face south from the bedrooms in the enclosed verandah. A wall that reaches halfway to the ceiling separates the two internal bedrooms (former offices) from each other. Floors throughout are of silky oak, highly polished by the current owners. While most of the flooring timbers are original, a small amount has been replaced using timber salvaged during its relocation. The rear verandah is unpainted and faces the back garden.</p><br>
<p>A large roof ventilation fleche sits prominently on the roof of the former court house. It is located within an elaborate decorative casing with four arched walls and a pyramid roof with filial.</p><br>
<p>The sub floor is enclosed on three sides with mini orb, with a block wall incorporating the former Innisfail Police Station gaol cell door forming the fourth wall. It has a concrete floor and is used as a garage. A range of material retained since the relocation of the building from Innisfail, are stored under the house. The grounds with tropical plantings compliment the aesthetics of the building, but are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The second Innisfail Court House, now at Yorkeys Knob, was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 December 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The second Innisfail court house is important for illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history in demonstrating the evolution of design and materials used in the construction of court houses in regional Queensland. While most second-generation Queensland court houses dating from the 1920s and 1930s were built using materials such as rendered brick or masonry, the second Innisfail court house is notable in the interwar era for its timber construction and design along more traditional Queensland public building lines.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare and uncommon aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage as a regional example of a naturally ventilated tropical court house built of timber and designed for the North Queensland climate. Its sophisticated ventilation system, which has survived largely intact, features low-level hinged wall flaps to allow cool air into the courtroom and associated ducted roof vents. Although certain aspects of such systems are known of, this configuration is not common in public or private buildings in Queensland. It is an important example of this combined ventilation system in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Although it has been relocated, and its current siting and use as a residence has no real heritage importance, the second Innisfail court house represents a rare and intact example of a naturally ventilated tropical court house built in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Oribin Studio is a heritage-listed design studio at 16 Heavey Crescent, Whitfield, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 October 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oribin Studio was designed in 1960 by Cairns architect Edwin Henry (Eddie) Oribin for himself as his architectural drawing office, from where he ran his practice between 1960 and 1973. Located in the post-World War II suburb of Whitfield in Cairns, the studio is a small two-storey structure addressing Heavey Crescent, surrounded by tropical vegetation and a small creek which runs through the property. Together with Oribins first house (1958), which he designed for himself on the same property, these two buildings signalled the beginning of Oribins residential work, which was characterised by experimentation with innovative forms, structures, materials and techniques for dealing with the tropical climate of far north Queensland. The design of the studio displays the influence of the works and philosophies of Frank Lloyd Wright, an internationally renowned American architect who had a profound impact on generations of architects.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Henry (Eddie) Oribin was born in Cairns in 1927. As a teenager during World War II, he spent time in Brisbane where he obtained work with the Allison Aircraft Division of General Motors rebuilding aircraft engines. Returning to Cairns in 1944, Oribin commenced architectural training with Sidney George Barnes, Chief Architect of the Allied Works Council for North Queensland, whose training gave Oribin a solid grounding in structural design and construction. In 1950 Oribin moved to Brisbane to work and study, and on 10 February 1953 he obtained his registration as an architect in Queensland, returning to Cairns the following month to begin a partnership with Barnes. This partnership lasted until Barnes&#39; death in 1959, after which Oribin continued practicing on his own.</p><br>
<p>Oribin undertook a wide range of work in North Queensland between 1953 and 1973. Throughout his career, he was devoted to experimenting with different structural and aesthetic ideas, drawing inspiration from a wide variety of Australian and international publications. Characteristics of Oribin&#39;s work included meticulous detailing, structural creativity and concern for the modulation of light. He was also known for his model-making skills and superb craftsmanship, often creating objects himself.</p><br>
<p>The city of Cairns in tropical Far North Queensland was established as a port in 1876. Located on the banks of Trinity Inlet, the early growth and development of the town was restricted by its topography, which consisted of large areas of low-lying swamp land encircled by mountains. Substantial reclamation of sand dunes and swamps took place over the decades to allow the township to expand. After the disruption of World War II, post-war optimism saw suburban development increase and the population grow to over 25,000 people by 1961.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1950s Oribin chose to construct his first house (and later studio) in a new post-war suburban area on the slopes of Mount Whitfield, north-west of the Cairns CBD. This land, encompassing most of the present-day suburbs of Whitfield and Edge Hill, was first surveyed in 1883. Separated from the main township by low-lying swamp land, the lower slopes of Mount Whitfield were one of the few elevated areas of land available in Cairns, with views over Trinity Bay. Over time, the area was developed as agricultural land and sugarcane farms. One of these farms was owned by William Collins (Mayor of Cairns from 1927 to 1949), who built a large house known as Sylvan Brook on a hill. From the 1950s the Collins&#39; land was subdivided in stages for housing development and in 1973 the suburb of Whitfield was formally declared.</p><br>
<p>In late 1957 Eddie Oribin and his wife Joyce purchased two adjoining lots in a new subdivision, one of which had several unusual features, being much larger in size than neighbouring lots and irregularly shaped, with an acutely angled corner at the intersection of Heavey and Mullins streets. A small creek protected by an easement ran through the property, cutting off the south-western corner. These site conditions played a key role in determining the siting and orientation of the house (constructed in 1958) and studio.</p><br>
<p>As an architect and designer, Oribin was particularly influenced by the works of Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), a famous and widely published American architect who practiced from the late 1880s until his death in 1959. Over his long career, Wright had a major influence on American architecture and designed some of its most famous buildings, such as the Robie House, Chicago (1908–10), Falling Water, Pennsylvania (1937–39) and the Guggenheim Museum, New York (1959). He is also famous for his leading role in developing the Prairie School style and his ideas about "organic" architecture. Organic architecture can be briefly defined as an architecture that is both visually and environmentally compatible, closely integrated with the site, and which reflects the architect&#39;s concern with the processes of nature and the forms they produce. Buildings designed to this philosophy made use of local materials, responded to the local topography and climate to produce comfortable conditions, and were organised so as to form an organic, integrated whole.</p><br>
<p>Through publications such as newspapers and architecture journals, Wrights influence spread around the world. Early proponents of his style in Australia were Chicago-based architects Walter Burley Griffin and his wife Marion Mahony Griffin, famous for winning the international competition to design the city of Canberra (1912), who had worked for Frank Lloyd Wright in America. Several young Australian architects influenced by Wright were designing in an organic idiom in the 1950s, particularly in the southern states, but it was not until the 1960s that there were enough examples of organic architecture for an organic style to be discernible in Australia. A 1969 journal article, which included Oribins first house as an example, displayed the wide variety of forms, materials and interpretations of organic philosophy that were employed by Australian architects, with features such as clearly expressed timber structure, textured brickwork, free massing and complex geometries that complemented natural elements of the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 Oribin designed a studio separate from his house from which to run his solo architecture practice. Like his first house, designing the studio was an opportunity for Oribin to put into practice his most creative and technical ambitions and create a working environment that suited his needs, with a large, well lit office and service and storage areas. In common with other architects personal projects, the studio was also a showpiece of Oribins skills and design philosophies.</p><br>
<p>Construction was completed in 1960 and the studio served as Oribin&#39;s personal drawing office until 1973. Located on the opposite side of the creek in the south-west corner of the property, the studio was a small, two-storey timber and concrete building, accessed by a timber walkway connecting it to the house. The studio layout consisted of a two rooms on the upper floor that were used as the drawing office, with built-in desks lining the edges of the main south-east facing glazed walls. The ground floor was partially enclosed with concrete walls and used as a carport.</p><br>
<p>The design of the studio was greatly influenced by the works of Frank Lloyd Wright, in particular by his Unitarian Meeting House (1947–51), built for the First Unitarian Society in Madison, Wisconsin. The inspiration for the meeting house design is said to have been the shape of hands folded in prayer. Sited on a knoll in a rolling, partially wooded setting overlooking farmland, Wright used broad sweeping lines and natural materials, including rough-faced stonework, to help integrate the church with surrounding nature. The traditionally separate elements of spire, sanctuary and parish hall were amalgamated into one unbroken space, with the spire becoming a great, upward sweeping, glass-enclosed prow. A triangular module was used to order the plan and deep overhangs on all sides shielded the large windows from direct sun. In recognition of its innovative design, the Meeting House was placed on the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Drawing inspiration from Wright, Oribin adapted the Meeting House concept to the site and the Cairns climate, utilising local materials. Like Wright&#39;s design, the studio was designed to a triangular module, in this case using a 30°/60° grid that fans out towards the south-east. The building was raised up on a concrete and stone base, above the potential flood levels of the adjacent creek, with the access walkway from the house passing beneath the cantilevered studio and up a series of concrete steps on the southern and western sides. The heaviness of the concrete structure, which features large random stones, provided a visual anchor to the soaring characteristics of the studio above. Glazed walls with diagonal glazing bars angled back from a weatherboard "prow" and a sheet metal-clad roof with pointed ends and deep eaves sailed over the whole structure. Side casement windows, protected by shutters, provided cross-ventilation and surrounding trees and vegetation helped shade the studio as they grew. The glazed walls of the drawing office provided good, consistent daylight and views towards the house and Heavey Crescent.</p><br>
<p>Other Oribin buildings that display a similar angular "Wrightian" influence upon their design are two of his churches, the Mareeba Methodist Church (1960) and St Andrew&#39;s Memorial Presbyterian Church, Innisfail (1960); both are highly detailed, use unusual and creative structural methods, and carry through triangle and diamond motifs to all aspects of the design.</p><br>
<p>During Oribin&#39;s years working from the studio he designed many houses for clients in the suburbs surrounding Mount Whitfield, each very different in structure and form. He also designed a library in the suburb of Stratford (1969, demolished ), two motel projects, including the Hides Hotel-Motel extension in Lake Street, Cairns (1967), and several large commercial projects in collaboration with other architects, such as the Cairns Civic Theatre (1972–74).</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the Oribins subdivided their property into three lots; one lot containing the house, another the studio, and a third was created from the vacant land on the corner of Mullins Street and Heavey Crescent. These were sold between 1972 and 1973. Oribin closed his architecture practice in 1973 and the family moved into a new house designed by Oribin at Edge Hill, completed in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Over time, the original connection between Oribin&#39;s first house and the studio has been obscured by the construction of a residence on the corner lot, the removal of the original bridge walkway and the growth of trees and vegetation on the site. Changes to the studio include the removal of the original desk joinery in the main room and the installation of a bathroom. A 1980s extension contains a kitchen, and a timber deck and stairs have been added to the eastern corner. The lower level has been enclosed with weatherboards to provide additional accommodation. Timber fins attached to the glazed wall were added to provide additional sun protection and privacy. The studio is used as a private residence in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Oribins significant contribution to Queensland architecture was recognised by the Queensland Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 2000, when the new "Building of the Year" award for the Far North Region was named in his honour. In 2013 the Oribin House and Studio received the "Enduring Architecture Award" at the Australian Institute of Architects Queensland Architecture Awards.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Oribin Studio stands in the south-west corner of a long wedge- shaped block, with a sharply angled front boundary along Heavey Crescent. A creek flows through the property from behind the studio to the south-east corner before passing beneath Heavey Crescent. A temporary timber bridge crossed the creek in 2012, with the rear portion of the property remaining open lawn fringed by vegetation. The block slopes gently down from the rear northern boundary towards the creek, then slopes up towards the road. To the west is the large estate of a private residence, to the north-east is Oribin&#39;s first house, while to the east on the corner of Heavey Crescent and Mullins Street is a two-storey residence. All surrounding properties are heavily vegetated. A gravelled driveway area has been created on the eastern side of the studio, while stones and large boulders form garden beds between the studio and the street. The main entrance is along the western wall, while a timber deck at the eastern corner provides access through a 1980s extension to the north-east side.</p><br>
<p>The studio is diamond-shaped in plan with the central axis orientated north-west to south-east. The interior layout consists of a living room at the front, a bathroom and storage to the rear, and a kitchen and dining area in the 1980s extension. A room on the lower level has been used as a bedroom, and the remaining underfloor area is used as a laundry and additional storage space.</p><br>
<p>The base of the studio is constructed from rough-cast concrete and stone walls, with later weatherboard walls and timber screens enclosing most of the formerly open space beneath the cantilevered studio. The remaining floor, wall and roof structures are constructed primarily of timber.</p><br>
<p>On the upper level, the symmetrical front walls consist of two main elements: a weatherboard-clad "prow" at the base, and inward-sloping angled glazed walls. Constructed from diagonal timber rails and long sheets of clear glass, the weight of the roof is supported by round metal posts standing behind the facade, allowing the glazed walls to support themselves with no vertical mullions. These walls turn the corner at each end, with ornamental red panels filling the gap between the end of the glazed walls, the ceiling and the side walls.</p><br>
<p>Of the two original side walls, which angle outwards from their base and converge to a sharp point at the rear corner of the studio, the western wall remains the most intact. The lower portion is clad in timber weatherboards with pairs of casement windows occupying the upper portion to ceiling height. Containing no glass, the windows are enclosed by plywood shutters ornamented with triangular pieces of timber and secured from the inside. Each shutter has an angled top to accommodate an upside-down triangular fanlight of yellow patterned glass above each pair. Timber rafters supporting the roof are exposed on the underside of the plasterboard-clad eaves, with the ends cut away in a zigzag pattern. Where the rafters pierce the wall structure, the gap beneath is in-filled with yellow patterned glass and triangular timber wedges. A triangular light fitting remains over the main entrance door.</p><br>
<p>The north-eastern side wall is now an internal wall, with one of the former casement windows now a doorway, the shutters removed, and the rear two bays enclosed. The triangular fanlight pattern has been replicated in timber on the exterior wall of the 1980s extension, but does not contain glass.</p><br>
<p>The sharply angled rear corner of the studio has windows similar to the front glazed walls, with horizontal timber rails and supported by a round metal post set back from the corner.</p><br>
<p>The ridgeline of the gable roof, which is clad in corrugated metal sheeting, follows the central axis of the studio, ascending from the rear corner to its highest peak over the front glazed walls. The timber rafters are exposed on the interior, running perpendicular to the side walls.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, the floor of the main room is tiled and ceilings and most walls are lined with flat plasterboard sheeting. Dividing the large front living room from the rear bathroom is a v-shaped concrete wall of the same finish and materials as the base structure. The bathroom contains recent fixtures and fittings.</p><br>
<p>The main roof has been extended over the 1980s extension, which is positioned a few steps below the main studio level. The end walls of the kitchen have timber doors set within a glass and timber screen that contains a different type of yellow patterned glass to that used for the original studio. The decks at either end of the extension are constructed from timber with timber balustrades. The extension and decks are not considered to be of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>Along the western side of the studio is a covered pergola that is a replacement of an earlier open timber pergola. A stone paved floor and low retaining walls line the western edge of the studio, including original triangular garden beds of rough-cast concrete. At the southern end, a series of concrete steps and retaining walls lead down to the underfloor area. One of the concrete walls of the base structure has three diamond shaped openings enclosed with removable timber blocks.</p><br>
<p>Changes to the studio over time include the loss of original timber desk joinery, the addition of timber sunscreens attached to the front glazed walls, and installation of security and fly screens to the windows. The loss of some original panes of yellow patterned glass has resulted in replacement panes of different hues and patterns.</p><br>
<p>Despite its small size, the studio is a landmark building in the street, standing out against a backdrop of tropical vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Oribin Studio was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 October 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Oribin Studio (1960) is a definitive work of Edwin Henry (Eddie) Oribin, providing a valuable insight into the life and work of a significant Queensland architect, who produced a range of innovative and unique buildings in north Queensland between 1953 and 1973. Built in close proximity to the first house he designed for himself, the studio demonstrates the evolution of Oribins skills and design philosophies in the early stages of his career. Oribins contribution to Queensland architecture is recognised by the Australian Institute of Architects&#39; establishment of the Eddie Oribin Building of the Year Award for the Far North Queensland region.</p><br>
<p>The studio is important in demonstrating the influence of international architectural trends upon Australian architects in the mid-20th century, in particular the concept of organic architecture promoted by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959).</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Oribin Studio retains the characteristics of an architect&#39;s office, including a large, well-lit working space and service and storage areas. Designing the studio for himself, provided Oribin an opportunity to realise his most creative and technical ambitions.</p><br>
<p>The creativity, craftsmanship and attention to detail evident in the studio&#39;s design are characteristic of the works of Oribin, whose buildings are remarkable for their geometrical complexities, unconventional roof forms, innovative use of materials and structural systems, and manipulation of natural light and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Oribin Studio has aesthetic significance for its picturesque attributes as a building of exceptional architectural quality nestled amidst tropical gardens on the bank of a small creek. Extensive glazing, intricate timberwork and wide eaves accentuate the tropical character of the building, while the folded planes and sharp lines of the upper portion give the building the impression of reaching to the sky, in contrast to the solid concrete base anchoring it to the ground.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Oribin Studio is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative achievement utilising unusual structural methods and sculptural form to produce a compact yet highly complex design in harmony with the climate and its surrounds. The front angled glazed walls of the studio are particularly remarkable for their aesthetic treatment. At the 2013 Queensland Architecture awards, the studio and adjacent house were awarded the "Enduring Architecture Award" by the Australian Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>Explosives Magazine and Detonator Store is a heritage-listed former gunpowder magazine at Magazine Street, Stratford, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1901 by JC Thomson. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The powder magazine and detonator store at Stratford, near Cairns, were constructed in 1901 for Queensland Government&#39;s Marine Department, which was the government authority responsible for storing the large quantity of explosives, both government and privately owned, being shipped into the port of Cairns at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>From 1860 to 1963, control of all explosives/gunpowder imported into Queensland was the province of the Harbour Master&#39;s Department (1860–62), the Department of Ports & Harbours (1862–93), the Marine Department (1894-1928), and the Department of Harbours and Marine (1929–63). In 1964, responsibility was shifted to the Queensland Department of Health. Under The Navigation Act of 1876, the master of any ship entering a Queensland port with gunpowder to be unloaded, had to ensure that it was placed in a government magazine. The Ports & Harbours Department therefore was responsible for the provision of magazines and for the safe storage of explosives at Queensland ports of entry. The Act further regulated the conveyance and storage of gunpowder in any place in Queensland, not just in the ports.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1860s, government magazines were being erected at the principal ports and goldfields of Queensland. On the goldfields, magazines were administered by the Mines Department; control of magazines other than in ports was not vested in the Marine Department until 1907, under the provisions of the Explosives Act of 1906. These magazines were constructed of stone, brick, timber or iron, largely dependent on the local availability of materials. At some ports, floating magazines were utilised.</p><br>
<p>By 1900, magazines under the control of the Marine Department were situated at Brisbane, Maryborough, Bundaberg, Gladstone, Rockhampton, Bowen, Townsville, Cairns, Cooktown and Normanton. None of these appears to have been of concrete construction. The magazine at Cairns was a barge, 50 feet by 16 feet, anchored off the east side of Trinity Inlet since October 1884, and was the reason for the naming of Magazine Creek on that shore.</p><br>
<p>In mid-1900, the Cairns magazine was receiving explosives at the rate of 2,716 cases per annum, the amount was increasing rapidly, and traders were clamouring for storage space. Explosives were imported to Cairns by Brisbane-based merchants such as Brabant & Co. and Hertzberg & Co., stored at the government magazine at a cost, and then sold to the mining companies and merchants on the Atherton tinfields and Chillagoe copperfields. As well, explosives were used in the construction of the privately-funded Mareeba-to-Chillagoe railway, commenced in August 1898. The first stage of this railway was opened in October 1900, opening up new mineral fields and plantations, and creating a greater demand for explosives, in the process.</p><br>
<p>In consequence of this rapidly increasing demand for explosives, the Marine Department requested in 1900 that a new magazine be constructed at Cairns. A suitable site of nearly 22 acres at Stratford was proclaimed a provisional Reserve for Explosives Magazine (R.180) on 30 May 1900. It was five miles from the centre of Cairns, fronted the Cairns-Mareeba Railway (permitting easier distribution of explosives to the hinterland), and was in a sparsely populated area.</p><br>
<p>Designs for a powder magazine and detonator store, brick with concrete foundations, along with a small timber residence for the magazine keeper, were produced by the Queensland Government Architect&#39;s office, and the contract was let to JC Thomson in November 1900. During construction, mass concrete was substituted for brick walls, in consequence of which costs were reduced. The buildings were completed in mid-July 1901, at a cost of £2,471.</p><br>
<p>The magazine provided storage capacity for over 6,000 cases of explosives, and was described in the Works Department&#39;s Annual Report for 1901-02 as containing means of ventilation, lighting, and other provision for safety, in advance of the best structures hitherto erected in Queensland for this particular purpose. Ventilation in the main magazine was supplied by roof ventilators and airholes covered by grates in the thick concrete walls, and the timber floor was built 3 feet above ground to allow air to circulate beneath. The explosives magazine and detonator store were surrounded by a high fence of galvanised iron, and the reserve was fenced with hardwood posts and rails. In addition, the Railways Department had constructed a loop line and siding to the magazine.</p><br>
<p>John Miller, who had been amongst the official party which accompanied David Spence to establish the port of Cairns in 1876, was appointed magazine keeper from 1 July 1901. He was succeeded in 1915 by Arthur Howgego, who remained as magazine keeper at Stratford until 1939. During Howgego&#39;s time, explosives were despatched mainly to Mount Mulligan, Mount Molloy, Mareeba, Biboohra and other tableland areas.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the explosives reserve was extended to 157 acres, in anticipation of expanding the magazine facilities at Stratford. Reduced quantities of explosives entering Queensland during the First World War temporarily relieved the necessity for expansion, but in the 1920s, the Stratford magazine was handling substantial volumes of explosives once again. By the late 1920s, the spread of population in the Stratford area around the magazine was a cause of concern to the Chief Inspector of Explosives. In 1931 R.180 was cancelled, and a new reserve of 230 acres, further east along the railway line, was proclaimed. Due to budget constraints, however, construction of new magazine facilities was deferred for over a decade, and during the 1930s, the 1901 buildings remained in use on what was by then an unofficial government reserve.</p><br>
<p>At the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, a military guard of 19 men was stationed at the Stratford magazine. By early 1940, the Government had made the decision to erect new magazine facilities, including caretakers quarters, at Queerah, on the southern outskirts of Cairns. The Queerah magazine buildings were completed in October 1941, and by March 1942, all explosives from the Stratford magazine had been transferred there. The magazine keeper, however, resided at Stratford for the duration of the war, as the military guard were occupying the new caretakers quarters at Queerah.</p><br>
<p>From early June 1942 until mid May 1945, the Stratford magazine site was occupied by the Australian Military Forces, who used the concrete buildings to store explosives. During the military occupancy, most of the galvanised iron fence around the magazine buildings was removed.</p><br>
<p>After the Second World War, the site was utilised as a yard and depot by the Department of Public Works, until in 1953, JM Johnston Pty Ltd, owner of the adjacent sawmill, obtained a thirty year lease of the buildings, on about 5 acres. JM Johnston Pty Ltd acquired a perpetual lease on the property in 1956, and freehold in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The former magazine keeper&#39;s cottage has been removed from the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Stratford Explosives Magazine, currently used as a storage facility for the adjoining sawmill, is located on a level site fronting Magazine Street to the south and surrounded by worksheds to the north and west. The magazine consists of two structures, an explosives store and a store for detonators.</p><br>
<p>The explosives store is a symmetrical, rectangular building with a hipped corrugated iron roof on which the word EXPLOSIVES is still visible. Three square ridge ventilators, in sheet metal decorated with classical mouldings, are prominent on the roof. The walls are of poured in-situ concrete with a concrete render, the base of which sits slightly proud. The walls have numerous vents, with the longer north and south elevations having a central doorway flanked by three narrow windows to each side. The east and west elevations have three narrow windows, and the south entry has a small timber landing. All windows have timber frames, which once housed louvres and a wire screen, with timber shutters to the inside. Externally, both doors were copper sheeted fixed with brass screws. The south door has had the copper sheet removed but the screws remain.</p><br>
<p>The store for detonators is a small square plan building, with a hipped corrugated iron roof with a square ridge ventilator, located to the east of the explosives store. The walls are of poured in-situ concrete with a concrete render, with a door to the south and a single narrow window to each side. The door and windows are similar to those of the explosives store, but the windows house glass louvres and do not have timber shutters.</p><br>
<p>Internally, both buildings have boarded ceilings, with the perimeter raked to the exterior walls, with centrally positioned ceiling vents.</p><br>
<p>The railway line, from which the Explosives Magazine was originally linked via a loop line and siding, is located opposite on the south side of Magazine Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Explosives Magazine and Detonator Store was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Explosives Magazine and Detonator Store at Stratford is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being closely associated with the economic development of the Cairns hinterland in the early decades of the 20th century, and in particular with the expansion of railways and mining in the district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, early 1900s explosives magazine and detonator store constructed in concrete, and illustrates techniques for the ventilation of explosives magazines.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the local community, in particular its contribution through scale, form and materials, to the Stratford townscape, its utilitarian nature, and the intactness of the structures.</p><br>
<p>Xavier and Sadie Herberts Cottage is a heritage-listed cottage at 399 Kamerunga Road, Redlynch, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1970s. It is also known as Sadies House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This modest timber-framed cottage was purchased in 1951 by Xavier Herbert, an Australian writer whose work has achieved international recognition. It was intended as a home for his wife, Sadie Norden, but was also to remain Herbert&#39;s principal place of residence for over 30 years. At the Redlynch cottage, Herbert worked on all of his major works except Capricornia.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is situated in the village of Redlynch at the base of the coastal ranges northwest of Cairns. The area was logged for its cedar from the mid-late 1870s. Selections were taken up in the mid-1880s following the 1886 decision to construct a railway from Cairns to the Atherton Tableland through the area, and the Eight-mile Railway Station was opened in October 1887 as the terminus for the first stage of the Cairns-Mareeba railway. Eight-mile was renamed Redlynch almost immediately, and a small village grew around the station. In the 1920s and 1930s Redlynch developed as the centre of an important sugar-growing district. The cottage which the Herberts later acquired, along with several adjacent similar cottages, may have been constructed in the 1920s, although the present land subdivision was not surveyed until 1938.</p><br>
<p>Alfred Francis Xavier Herbert (1901-1984) was born in Western Australia and educated at Fremantle, where he trained as a pharmacist. In 1925 he moved to Melbourne where he studied medicine for a year. His first published short story appeared in The Australian Journal (Melbourne) at this time and Herbert decided to quit university studies to pursue a writing career. In 1926 he moved to Sydney and joined the staff of Smiths Weekly. In the late 1920s he travelled (mostly walking) around northern Australia and the South Pacific doing various odd jobs, and spent two years in England 1930-32. While in England he completed the initial draft of Capricornia, with the support of Sadie Norden, whom he later married. Late in 1932 he returned to Australia and wrote short stories for journals and newspapers to help bring Sadie to Australia in 1933. After some difficulty, Capricornia was published in Australia in 1938. It won Australias sesquicentenary novel competition that year and became a best seller.</p><br>
<p>Herbert served in the Second World War and after demobilisation he and Sadie travelled north from Sydney and took up the lease on a dairy farm in the Daintree River area for a few years. In June 1951 they bought the cottage at Redlynch, Xavier accepting a fellowship with the Australian Literary Fund and applying for a War Service Loan in order to make the purchase. The house was intended for Sadies benefit, Xavier not believing in "comforts", but it is possible neither of them anticipated the length of time they were to own the property. In August 1951, Xavier wrote of Sadie:... shes not settling down, just getting a little house in to put all those things of hersHowever, the house was to remain their principal place of residence for the remainder of their lives.</p><br>
<p>After the move to Redlynch, Herbert alternated casual occupations with writing, and published irregularly. Through his short stories and novels, he explored the search for security and an Australian identity, the mistreatment of Aborigines and the destruction of the environment. Most of his work is set in the Australian bush and in small country towns. Seven Emus appeared in 1959; Soldiers&#39; Women in 1961; Larger than Life and Disturbing Element in 1963. After nearly a decade of preparation, Poor Fellow My Country was published in 1975, winning the Miles Franklin Award that year. A work of about 850,000 words, it is the longest novel ever published in Australia.</p><br>
<p>It is clear from interviews given by Herbert that Sadie Norden provided the emotional centre to his life, and the house at Redlynch, which he always called "Sadies house", became equally important. Xavier continued to write his first drafts away from home, establishing camps in the ranges between Cairns and Cooktown for weeks or months at a time, and often taking jobs away from Redlynch, but always returned to Sadie and Redlynch to develop the drafts. He once acknowledged:"Id never go on writing anything if Sadie didnt like it"Sadie and the cottage at Redlynch provided a base for his work and to his existence. Herbert later said of Redlynch that"it was the most beautiful little town I ever set eyes on"Like many of the characters and places in Xavier Herberts novels and stories, however, the village of Redlynch inhabits two worlds. Not quite town and not quite country, Redlynch is almost a suburb of Cairns - where Sadie lodged Xaviers first drafts with their bank - but lies amid sugar cane fields at the base of the coastal ranges where Xavier established his writers camps.</p><br>
<p>The Herberts became well-known to the Redlynch community, with Xavier acting as relieving pharmacist in the village during the 1950s and 1960s. A fitness fanatic, he regularly jogged through the canefields, along the railway and into the hills, before jogging became fashionable, and claimed he gained the inspiration to write Poor Fellow My Country while running. Xavier was also known for his attempts at self-sufficiency. He experimented with battery-powered DC electricity, and the wiring in the cottage may contain remnants of this system. In the backyard he constructed a small "writer&#39;s shed", which local residents believe was made of two small sheds taken from the Kuranda Scenic Railway and moved by railcar to Redlynch. Poor Fellow My Country was partly written and revised here 1969-74, but this structure was demolished late in 1995.</p><br>
<p>With the prize money received for Poor Fellow My Country, the Herberts carried out a number of alterations to the Redlynch cottage. A septic system was installed and a new bathroom and toilet were built at the rear of the house. The interior was modernised with plasterboard ceilings and imitation timber-grain wall panelling. The exterior was re-clad with aluminium, enclosing the front verandah in the process, and a garage and guest room for the use of visiting friends and academics was built in the backyard. A new carport was constructed at the side of the cottage.</p><br>
<p>Following Sadie&#39;s death in 1979, Xavier remained in the cottage until a few months before his own death at Alice Springs in April 1984. Toward the end of his life, Herbert in 1983 gave the Redlynch cottage to his friend and bank agent Robyn Pill, asking her to look after the house when he left. She retained the place until 1989.</p><br>
<p>There have been substantial renovations to the Redlynch cottage since the Herberts time, with the interior reconstructed and refurbished in mid-1996, and most of the trees and shrubs in the garden removed, except for a number of palm trees. A great loss was the writers shed in the backyard, Xavier&#39;s million dollar dog house, demolished in the summer of 1995-96.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Xavier and Sadie Herbert&#39;s Cottage is located in the heart of the village of Redlynch, about 13 kilometres northwest of Cairns. The house is positioned quite close to the front of a level, 25 perch block abutting busy Kamerunga Road, one of the principal roads out of Cairns. It sits directly opposite the Redlynch railway station and adjacent to the Red Beret (formerly Redlynch) Hotel, the focal point of the village, and overlooks cane fields to the ranges beyond. The setting is picturesque.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is a small, single-storeyed, timber-framed building with enclosed front and back verandahs, and a concrete block extension at the rear. It rests on low stumps, mostly timber, although a few of these have been replaced with round concrete stumps or galvanised steel. The exterior has been re-clad with aluminium which resembles weatherboards. The hipped roof is clad with corrugated sheet metal. All the windows appear to have been replaced at some period, and those along the west wall have new decorative metal window hoods. The front facade has recent decorative timber lattice. Attached to the house on the east side is a single carport with a skillion roof and front roller-door. A high concrete block wall defines the eastern boundary of the property; fences to the other boundaries and along the west side of the front driveway are of pickets.</p><br>
<p>The internal layout of the cottage, originally two rooms opening onto front and back verandahs, has been altered. The centre wall has been removed and two new internal partitions now divide the core of the house into three rooms: a bedroom each side and in the centre a living area with an archway opening onto the enclosed front verandah. The bedrooms retain their original French doors to the enclosed front verandah, but all the other doors in the house are modern. The interior walls and ceilings are lined with fibrous plasterboard. It is not clear whether any of the Herbert&#39;s mock timber-panelling of the 1970s remains beneath the present wall finishes.</p><br>
<p>The back verandah may have been partly enclosed from an early period, but was fully enclosed in the Herberts&#39; time and has been refurbished recently with a new kitchen at the west end and bathroom at the east end. A centrally-positioned door leads from the back verandah to an attached extension. This comprises a 1.9 metre wide concrete slab running the width of the house, with concrete block laundry at the east end and toilet at the west end. The middle section of this extension is enclosed with timber lattice.</p><br>
<p>In the backyard, at a short distance from the house, a garage has been constructed on the eastern half of the block. This structure is clad in aluminium and rests on a concrete block. It has a skillion roof and is divided into two sections. The eastern half is garage, and the western half, with windows on three sides and doors front and back, is used as a workout area.</p><br>
<p>The Herberts&#39; garden is almost non-existent. The only substantial surviving planting is a stand of palms in the backyard. The Alexandra Palms across the front alignment of the property appear to be comparatively recent, and may not have been associated with the Herberts.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Xavier and Sadie Herbert&#39;s Cottage was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Xavier and Sadie Herbert&#39;s Cottage is significant as the only house in Australia with strong associations with important Australian author Xavier Herbert and his work. The place is significant also for its potential to contribute to biographical work on Xavier and Sadie Herbert. The place has a strong association for both the local Redlynch community and the Australian literary and academic community as the home and place of work of Australian writer Xavier Herbert for over 30 years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life and work of internationally respected Australian author Xavier Herbert. At the Redlynch cottage, he worked on all his major works except Capricornia. Although much of this work was undertaken in the now demolished writers shed in the backyard, the association of the place with Herbert and his work remains. The cottage survives in its Redlynch setting and some of the Herberts 1970s renovations, paid for with prize money received for Poor Fellow My Country, remain. These were undertaken with inexpensive mass-produced materials and for convenience and ease of maintenance rather than aesthetic concerns, and illustrate Herberts lack of social pretension. The Redlynch cottage also represents an important compromise in Herberts life, and is significant as much for what it reveals of the person as of the writer.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns-to-Kuranda Railway between Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge is a heritage-listed railway line that passes through Redlynch, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1913 to 1915 by Queensland Railways. Components of it include Stoney Creek Bridge, the Rail Bridge over Christmas Creek, Kuranda railway station, and Surprise Creek Rail Bridge. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992. The railway is now a tourist attraction called Kuranda Scenic Railway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Redlynch to the Crooked Creek Bridge portion of the Cairns-to-Kuranda railway constitutes most of the second section (Redlynch to Myola) of a planned railway line to Herberton. It ascends the coastal range and travels around Stoney Creek Gorge and through the Barron Gorge, to a height of 327.7m at Barron Falls railway station. It proceeds through Kuranda railway station 21.7 km from Redlynch, to Crooked Creek Bridge 23.2 km from Redlynch. Built between April 1887 and June 1891 through a steep and slip-prone landscape, the section is a feat of engineering which in 2011 included 15 concrete-lined tunnels and 39 timber or steel bridges (from Redlynch up to and including Crooked Creek Bridge).</p><br>
<p>Mining provided the original impetus for building a railway line up to the Atherton Tablelands from Cairns. Cooktown thrived as a port for the Palmer River goldfield, discovered in 1873, but it was too far from the Hodgkinson goldfield, discovered further south in early 1876. Trinity Bay was chosen as the port for the Hodgkinson; the first settlers arrived in October 1876 and Cairns became a port of entry on 1 November 1876. However, the founding of Port Douglas in 1877 almost stifled Cairns, as the former provided an easier access route to the Hodgkinson. When tin was discovered on the Wild River in 1880, the road from Port Douglas to Herberton was also preferred to the pack tracks from Cairns.</p><br>
<p>Cairns salvaged its economy after a heavy wet season in early 1882 closed the road from Port Douglas, resulting in calls for a railway from Herberton to the coast. Linking mining areas to ports by railway was already Queensland Government policy. In August 1877 the Queensland government had approved three railways to connect mining towns to their principal ports: Charters Towers to Townsville (Great Northern railway line); Mount Perry to Bundaberg (Mount Perry railway line); and Gympie to Maryborough (North Coast railway line).</p><br>
<p>The Minister for Works, John Macrossan, commissioned the explorer Christie Palmerston to find a route from Herberton to Cairns or Port Douglas; but in August 1882 Palmerston reported that there was no natural route. The Johnstone Divisional Board commissioned Palmerston to find a route to Mourilyan Harbour during late 1882, but as the Board failed to pay him, Palmerston did not report his findings.</p><br>
<p>The search for a rail route continued, with the Railway Departments surveyor, George William Monk, arriving in Cairns in April 1883. Surveys of the various possible routes to Cairns, Port Douglas and Mourilyan were carried out by Monk and other surveyors and in late 1884 Robert Ballard, the Railway Departments Chief Engineer (Central and Northern Railway Division) reported to the Commissioner for Railways the cost would be the same from any of the three rival termini, but Cairns was the better port. The preferred route from Cairns was via the Barron Gorge, although the Mulgrave River had also been considered. The government&#39;s decision in favour of Cairns was announced, much to the outrage of Port Douglas residents, on 10 September 1884. The decision to build the railway from Cairns ensured that it became the preeminent town in far north Queensland; yet the Barron Gorge was chosen in ignorance of its unstable geology, which later proved costly in both money and lives.</p><br>
<p>Parliament approved plans for the first 24 miles (38.6 km) of the Cairns to Herberton railway in late 1885 but the contract let to Messrs PC Smith and Co. on 1 April 1886 was only for the first 8 miles (12.9 km). On 10 May 1886, the Premier Sir Samuel Griffith turned the first sod. Smith lacked the experience for even such a short section and McBride and Co took over the contract in November 1886. The government then had to take over from McBride in July 1887. The first section opened on 8 October 1887 and the terminus was soon named Redlynch. In 1911 a deviation shortened the first section, meaning that Redlynch was no longer at the eight-mile mark from Cairns.</p><br>
<p>The ascent of the range to Kuranda began with the awarding of the 15 mile (24.1 km) second section of the contract (Redlynch to Myola) to John Robb of Melbourne in January 1887 for £290,984. Robb was an experienced contractor, and brought hundreds of men to the job. Robb also had mining, rural and business interests in South Australia, New South Wales and Melbourne, where he was a founding director of the Federal Bank in 1881. The Kuranda ascent was his most significant work, but his companys other contracts included Tasmanias and Western Australia&#39;s first railways. He returned home to Toorak when he left Cairns, was declared insolvent in October 1894 and died in May 1896, aged 62.</p><br>
<p>Work on the second section began in April 1887. To aid construction Robb built a 2 km branch line from Redlynch to the main construction camp at Kamerunga beside the Barron River, and public trains extended to Kamerunga from 20 October 1888. Robb planned to work at various points along the line simultaneously, and tracks ran from Kamerunga to the sites for tunnels 2, 3, 6 and 9, to the Stoney Creek Bridge site and to The Springs.</p><br>
<p>One feature of interest near the beginning of section two is Horseshoe Bend, located after the third timber bridge from Redlynch. In December 1888 the embankment at the bend was described as 51 feet (15.5m) high, 15 feet (4.6m) wide at the top, and 170 feet (51.8m) wide at the base, and was sown with Couch grass (Cynodon dactylon) on the sides. The embankment has since been widened using landslide material. Section two used Horseshoe Bend to gain height, followed by the line ascending to the top of Barron Falls. The section then followed the Barron River to Kuranda, terminating at Myola, almost 3 km past Kuranda. Nineteen tunnels had been originally planned between Horseshoe Bend and Barron Falls Station, but four (two between Stoney Creek and Tunnel 14 and two at Red Bluff) were subsequently replaced by cuttings. Sand from the bed of the Barron River was used as the base material for concrete work on the second section; all the tunnels were concrete lined, and culverts and drains were also built in concrete.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Railways range ascent tunnels represent the largest group of tunnels in Queensland and were the 24th to 38th of the 64 tunnels opened in Queensland from 1866 to 1996. By 30 January 1889 tunnels 1 and 2 were finished; Tunnel 3 was in a forward state, while 4-9 and 12-13 were ready for lining. Tunnels 10 and 11 had headings through only, while tunnels 16 and 19 were not yet opened. Work was authorised on the redesigned and lengthened Tunnel 19 in December 1889. Due to the cancellation of four tunnels, tunnels 16 and 19 were renumbered as todays tunnels 14 and 15.</p><br>
<p>As well as tunnels, bridgework was a major element of the construction work on the second section. The total length of steel required to complete the bridgework was around 800 feet (244m). The steel work was all cut, fitted and partly riveted by Walkers Ltd of Maryborough. In 2011 the steel bridges between Redlynch and Kuranda included: six with lattice girders; plus Bridge 42 (1890), where fishbelly plate cross- girders have been reused as main span members; Bridge 50 over Mervyn Creek (which replaced an earlier timber bridge in the 1920s); and Jumrum Creek Bridge (Bridge 51), which although mainly timber has a steel central span (the bridge was reconstructed in 1962). There were also five very short steel bridges by 2011. About 1.5 km past Kuranda is Crooked Creek Bridge, which in about 1900 reused (shortened) plate girders from the 1867 Bridge 51 on the Main Range. The bridge has been strengthened with new steel piers either side of the concrete pier, and its replacement steel cross girders also originally came from Bridge 51 on the Main Range.</p><br>
<p>There were 24 timber trestle bridges extant in 2011, but none of these retain their original timber. The local scrub hickory originally used in the bridges was of poor quality, requiring replacement work in the 1890s to 1900s. Components of the timber bridges are also gradually being replaced with steel, due to the scarcity of suitable hardwood, and over the years some bridges have been replaced with concrete culverts.</p><br>
<p>The steel bridges have retained their integrity to a greater degree. The bridges with highest heritage significance are the steel lattice-girder bridges; all built during the construction of the second section. Three are located at Stoney Creek, Surprise Creek, and Christmas Creek. The other three are Bridge 21, the first steel bridge on the section, located between Tunnel 3 and Tunnel 4; Bridge 23, after Tunnel 9; and Bridge 29 between Stoney Creek Station and the Stoney Creek Bridge. The bridges have been renumbered since construction: for example, today&#39;s Bridge 21 was originally called Bridge 11.</p><br>
<h3>Stoney Creek Bridge</h3><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Bridge (originally bridge number 26, now bridge 30), in front of Stoney Creek Falls, is built on a 4 chain (80m) radius curve and was designed by the government engineer John Gwynneth. The design is unique in Queensland, the curve being the only way to avoid tunnelling. By the end of 1887 the concrete foundations on which the wrought iron trestles (Phoenix columns) were erected were well underway. It is one of only two Queensland railway bridges constructed with wrought iron trestles, the other being Christmas Creek Bridge, further up the line. A visit to Cairns by the Governor of Queensland, Sir Henry Wylie Norman, in April 1890 was taken as an opportunity to inspect the construction works. A marquee, covering a banquet table and open to the waterfall, had been set up on the almost completed Stoney Creek Bridge with planks laid over the sleepers. There were no speeches due to the roar of the waterfall immediately behind the bridge. The bridge passed load testing on 30 June 1890.</p><br>
<p>In the period of the early 1900s large quantities of rock in the vicinity of the bridge were removed, due to the risk of rock falls. Work was carried out in 1916 to strengthen riveted connections, and in 1922 timber longitudinals were substituted for the ballast flooring of the original bridge, to reduce corrosion problems.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Bridge is one of the most photographed bridges in Australia due to the spectacular beauty of its location. Historian John Kerr called it "the best-known structure on a line with the most spectacular scenery on the Queensland Railways". Trains would halt on the bridge and passengers could leave the train to walk along the bridge for a short period of time. In order to strengthen and improve the safety of the bridge, in the late 1990s new steel longitudinals were added under the bridge, the timber decking was replaced with steel grating and the walkways at the sides of the bridge were widened to improve maintenance access. The legs of the iron trestles were also reinforced.</p><br>
<h3>Surprise Creek Bridge</h3><br>
<p>Surprise Creek Bridge (originally number 36, now number 46) was constructed in 1890-91. Originally the main span had timber approaches, but these were replaced in the late 1890s by pin-jointed steel lattice trusses recycled from an older bridge. New interior steel longitudinals were added under the bridge in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Christmas Creek Bridge (originally number 37, now 48) was built in 1891. Some cross girders have been replaced after they rusted out.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the section&#39;s tunnels and bridges required a lot of labour. Queensland signed a special treaty with Italy in order to obtain indentured Italian workers, and many Irishmen were employed. At the height of construction up to 1500 workers were employed along the length of line.</p><br>
<p>The tunnelling work was done by hand. The usual danger from the extensive use of explosives in the tunnels and cuttings was increased by the unstable nature of the rock and the steep drop down the side of the Barron Gorge. The average slope of the ground was 45 degrees, covered with a disjointed layer of decomposed soil and rock varying in depth from 5 to 8m. Robb had to dig deep into hillsides to find solid ground, and multiple deviations from the original surveyed route also increased his costs. Red Bluff and Glacier Rock were exposed when earth, rocks and trees were removed, again by hand, from above the line (escarpments had to be cleared and levelled back).</p><br>
<p>At least 23 accidental deaths occurred during construction of the second section, the main causes being premature blasting, injuries from rock falls and cave-ins, and falling. One man, Giovanni Zappa, fell 250m into the Barron Gorge in September 1888. Other deaths resulted from malaria, ticks, scrub typhus (mites), dysentery, fevers, and snakes. Hundreds of men were injured, but despite the existence of the Queensland Employers&#39; Liability Act 1886, only one worker was compensated. Other labour issues led to the formation of a trade union - the United Sons of Toil, which called a strike in late 1890.</p><br>
<p>During construction navvies camps were established at most of the cuttings and at each of the bridges or tunnels along the range section. The main townships other than Kamerunga included New Cairns (later Jungara); Rocky Creek Falls (between tunnels 8 and 9); Stoney Creek; The Springs (between tunnels 14 and 15); Red Bluff; and Camp Oven Creek (just past Tunnel 15). There were also small towns at Tunnel 3, Surprise Creek, and Grays Pocket on Rainbow Creek above the falls. These small townships of tents and portable buildings usually had at least one hotel, a general store, and a boarding house for single men. At Stoney Creek Falls, Patrick Paton&#39;s hotel possessed a billiard room, dining room, bar, ballroom and 28 double rooms, while New Cairns below the Horseshoe Bend had a hotel, sawmill, and at least two general stores. In all 26 hotels were licensed to operate from Kamerunga and Redlynch to Kuranda from 1886 to 1888.</p><br>
<p>Due to the difficulty of the project both the contract price and the completion date of 26 July 1888 were greatly exceeded. After a very wet season in 1891 there was major damage to the track; about 140 metres of ground slipped and an embankment at one tunnel collapsed and required the ground to be drained.</p><br>
<p>When Tunnel 15 and Surprise Creek Bridge were completed by 14 March 1891, it marked the end of major works. The last rails were laid for the second section in May 1891 and the line opened for goods traffic to Myola on 15 June; and for passengers 10 days later.</p><br>
<p>Despite the difficulties encountered during construction, the line proved to be well built, a tribute to Willoughby Hannam, Chief Engineer for Railways, Northern and Carpentaria Division (from 1885 to 1889), who had to survey many deviations when the original route proved impossible to construct. Hannam was succeeded by Chief Engineer Annett.</p><br>
<p>In common with all railway contracts, the price was calculated by multiplying the quantity of each type of work required by the quoted price and summing up the individual amounts. If the survey was altered to require more excavation, the government paid for the extra at the schedule rate. The unstable nature of the terrain in the second section meant that the slopes of cuttings and banks had to be reduced. As Robb had to remove five times as much material as originally estimated for cuttings and tunnels, he was eventually paid £880,406. He claimed a further £262,311, but only received £20,807 of this after arbitration. With rails and other costs, the second section cost the Queensland Government £1,007,857; the most expensive line in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The huge cost overrun on the second section, along with the financial depression of the early 1890s, delayed the Cairns Railways extension to Herberton. The contract for section three (Myola to Granite Creek/Mareeba) was awarded to Alexander McKenzie & Co. in early 1891 (Robbs tender failed) and this section was opened on 1 August 1893. A lack of funding meant that the line stopped at Mareeba for some time. It did not open to Atherton until 1903 and to Herberton until October 1910. By this time timber and agriculture, rather than tin, drove the railway&#39;s extension and the line was extended past Herberton. It opened to Tumoulin in July 1911 and finally to Cedar Creek (Ravenshoe) in December 1916. Meanwhile, a branch line from Tolga opened to Yungaburra in March 1910, to Malanda in December 1910, and to Millaa Millaa in December 1921.</p><br>
<h3>Kuranda railway station</h3><br>
<p>By 1891 Kuranda Station was the most important station on the second section. It had also become a tourist destination due to its proximity to the Barron Falls. Kuranda was surveyed in 1888 in anticipation of development which would accompany the arrival of the railway and the first station buildings were relocated from Kamerunga after services to the latter location ended in 1891. The station masters house from Kamerunga was also moved to Kuranda, in 1908. By 1913 Kuranda Station included (from north-west to south-east) the office, a separate refreshment room (operated by the proprietor of the Kuranda Hotel from 1894), mens and womens toilets and a goods shed. Construction of the Chillagoe Companys private railway lines from Mareeba to Chillagoe and Forsayth, during 1898-1901 and 1907-1910 respectively, increased freight traffic through Kuranda, and tourist traffic was also increasing prior to World War I.</p><br>
<p>A 1910 report had recommended a new station building at Kuranda on an island platform that could be made ornamental by planting trees. Vincent Price was in charge of the architectural section of the Railway Departments Chief Engineers Office when the passenger station block, described by the Chief Engineer as "after the style of a Swiss Chalet, the idea being to make Kuranda a show station", was designed in 1911. Modified plans were drawn in 1913-14, and included the main station building (with booking lobby, booking office, waiting shed, ladies toilets, passage, refreshment room, kitchen, pantry, scullery and kitchen yard); a signal cabin; and a utilities block (with mens toilet, porter&#39;s room, store room, and lamp room). Each of these three buildings was constructed of precast concrete units, in a Federation style with a Marseilles terracotta tile roof.</p><br>
<p>Expansion of the station began in 1913 and continued into 1915. Changes involved the extension of the platform and yard, the signalling and interlocking of the station and the construction of a timber overbridge and new station buildings. The main station building was "nearing completion" by September 1914. Its main spaces survive, although the former refreshment room and kitchen are now the gift shop and cafe, and the former kitchen yard is now a lean-to extension.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest stations to be built in Australia using standard precast concrete units, Kuranda is the second oldest remaining example of its type in Queensland. Two earlier examples at Northgate (1911–12) and Chelmer (1913) in Brisbane have both been demolished, while another example opened at Ascot (Eagle Farm Racecourse) in February 1914 survives. A luggage lift from the overbridge to the platform, installed in 1915, was demolished after 1939, but a new lift with a shed at its base has been built since 1994.</p><br>
<p>The signal cabin included a fully interlocking McKenzie and Holland 37-lever mechanical signal frame (still extant). Before railway "safeworking" systems were computerised and centralised in Queensland, mechanical signals were controlled from signal cabins, which dealt with the traffic on a particular block of railway line. Signal cabins coordinated signals that indicated whether or not a section of track was clear of other traffic. Early signals were mechanical, while later signals were operated electrically. The most common form of mechanical signal was the semaphore signal. These consisted of a metal framed tower with one or more arms that could be inclined at different angles, with the arm at the horizontal signalling "danger", or do not proceed. Examples of this form of signalling system survive at Kuranda Station. At night, lights were necessary, and kerosene lamps with movable coloured spectacles displayed different colours, including green (proceed), yellow (prepare to find next signal red), and red (stop).</p><br>
<p>To coordinate signals so that it is impossible to give a "clear" signal to a train unless the route is actually clear, the signals could be interlocked. An interlocked yard is a railway yard where semaphore or coloured light signals are controlled in such a way that the signals will not allow a train to proceed unless the points that operate in conjunction with the signals are correctly set. A mechanical interlocking device, located under a mechanical signal frame, is a system of rods, sliding bars and levers that are configured so that points cannot be changed in conflict, thus preventing movements that may cause a collision or other accident.</p><br>
<p>Although 169 Queensland railway stations had interlocking by 1918, mechanical interlocking technology eventually became obsolete, as electrical interlocking or electro-pneumatic systems replaced it. Computerised Centralised Traffic Control (CTC) signalling systems now control most of the network.</p><br>
<p>As well as the station buildings, signals and interlocking, the station was beautified. The ornamental planting proposed in the 1910 scheme was developed by George Wreidt and Bert Wickham, both station masters at Kuranda. The tropical vegetation in the platforms gardens and under the platform shelters helped to soften the lines of the station, which first won the Northern Division of the Railways Annual Garden Competition in 1915 and was so often the winner in subsequent years that it became folklore that Kuranda won every year.</p><br>
<p>By 1927 the station included a goods shed to the south-east of the main platform, and a turntable at the north-west end of the station. The current turntable is apparently smaller than the original, which was relocated to Port Douglas. Elements that were present in 1932 which no longer exist include a motor shed by the turntable, and signalmans, gangers and waitresses&#39; quarters to the south of the station near Arara Street.</p><br>
<p>Due to the position of the station at the top of the range climb the station played a key role in freight handling. Extra trains would usually run to Kuranda where their load was transferred, as trains operating west of Kuranda were able to haul double the load they could carry up the range.</p><br>
<p>As well as freight services, tourist trains ran to Kuranda, although the tourist service was not a formal part of the public timetable of the Queensland Railways until the 1960s. The tourist potential of the second section was recognised early on, with Cairns Alderman Macnamara in September 1887 calling it a great engineering feat, which "would prove a great attraction to tourists from all parts of the globe". In 1893 local representatives from the Barron Divisional Board met with the Railway Commissioners to discuss a proposed viewing stop on the line for the Barron Falls.</p><br>
<p>The growth of tourism in Kuranda was linked to the popularity of the passenger services of the Adelaide Steamship Company, the Australian United Steam Navigation Company and Australian Steamships (Howard Smith Ltd). Travellers from Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne came to Cairns by ship until the opening of the rail line to Brisbane in 1924. In the early 20th century Queensland Railways published a brochure called "Train Trips While the Steamer Waits" which urged tourists not to miss the unsurpassable natural beauty of the mountains, best seen by taking the train to Kuranda. Another early tourist booklet "The Glory of Kuranda" describes the station as the most picturesque in Queensland. In the late 1930s a "Grandstand Train" ran to Kuranda. This had special carriages with two rows of tiered seats both looking out the same side, through scenic windows.</p><br>
<p>Tourist travel stopped during the World War II. However, Kuranda was one of the busiest stations at this time handling freight for the many troops which were stationed on the Atherton Tablelands from early 1943 for rest, rehabilitation and training in a malaria-free environment close to New Guinea. Traffic at this time was so great that the road from Cairns to Kuranda was constructed to relieve congestion.</p><br>
<p>Diesel-electric locomotives were introduced onto the Cairns-Kuranda railway in 1959, and tourism recovered after World War II, with a 100 percent increase in passengers between 1965 and 1975. During the 1960s Kuranda became an alternative lifestyle centre, and the Sunday Markets which began in the late 1970s boosted tourism to the town and the railway station, as did the building of the Skyrail Rainforest Cableway in the mid 1990s. By 2003 some 500,000 people visited Barron Gorge National Park each year via the Kuranda Scenic Railway, often returning on the Skyrail.</p><br>
<p>The tiled roofs of the station buildings were replaced with plain iron sheet in 1961 which was in turn replaced by ribbed metal sheeting in 1989-90. The southern section of the foot bridge was rebuilt in steel in 1990, and the northern section has since also been replaced in steel. The station master&#39;s house survives just to the northwest of the railway station, although its verandahs have been enclosed.</p><br>
<p>Over time, other stations between Redlynch and Myola have included Jungara, Stoney Creek, The Springs, Barron Falls, Hydro, and Fairyland. Only Redlynch, Stoney Creek, Barron Falls and Kuranda retain any built structures, and those at Barron Falls are modern.</p><br>
<h3>Redlynch railway station</h3><br>
<p>In 2011 the remaining infrastructure at Redlynch Station included a station building with garden area, a men&#39;s toilet, and a loading bank. The core of the station building existed by 1890, although it originally had a curved roof. The building may date from the opening of the first section of the Cairns Railway in 1887, as in August 1888 plans were afoot to erect station buildings at Kamerunga "similar to those at Redlynch". The Kamerunga station building also had a curved roof and was later moved to Kuranda when the second section was opened in 1891. The steel pipe framing under the current verandah at Redlynch was once used to hang pot plants.</p><br>
<p>An 1899 plan of the Redlynch station building included a store (2.4m), waiting shed (3m) and an office (3m). Around this time the office was extended another 2.4m to the south-west, with a ladies room (3.7m) added at the south-west end of the building. There was a partition for a toilet in the latter, which seems to have survived when the ladies room was converted into a goods area. At this time the store at the north-east end of the building became the new ladies room, and a separate men&#39;s room was constructed north-east of the station building.</p><br>
<p>The wall between the office and the former ladies room has since been removed, and the roof is now gabled rather than curved. A World War II photo of the building shows weatherboard cladding at the north-east end. A goods shed present in the 1954 site plan, north-east of the shelter shed, is no longer extant. A timber stage was located west of the shelter shed at the end of a siding, on the site of the present car park. A station master&#39;s cottage was located within the turning triangle to the south-west of the shelter shed, but this has been replaced by modern buildings for a Queensland Rail (QR) maintenance gang.</p><br>
<h3>Stoney Creek railway station</h3><br>
<p>At Stoney Creek Station, a gatehouse was erected in 1909. By 1911 the complex included an open shelter shed with an enclosed office, plus a ladies room with a curved roof to the east. By 1936 the complex consisted of the shelter shed; ladies room; a water tank for steam trains, supplied from Stoney Creek Falls and a sand shed (west end of station); plus two fettlers camping quarters and a trolley and tool shed (either side of track, east end of station). Only the shelter shed, the water tank and the sand shed survive. The latter was once used to refill sandboxes on trains, which enabled dry sand to be dropped onto the tracks to assist traction. In the 1980s a telephone line and its poles were removed. The siding is used by QR maintenance gangs to wait for tourist trains to pass, and the shelter shed is used when it is raining. Exotic plantings in the stations gardens have being replaced by natives, in keeping with the National Park, although mature mango trees of heritage significance have been retained.</p><br>
<p>For many years, Stoney Creek was notable for its gardens of coloured tropical foliage. This site was always expected to have tourism value - during construction, a piano was laboriously brought up the range to the Stoney Creek Hotel. The owner optimistically expected that future tourists would stay at his hotel to view the falls. The Kuranda Scenic Railway (running from Cairns to Kuranda) no longer stops at this station.</p><br>
<p>Since construction of the second section, the weather and geology have continued to impact on the line. There were landslides during 1894, 1896, 1904, 1909 and 1910, but the biggest disruption occurred in the summer of 1910-11. Slips in December 1910 resulted in a tramway being built to bypass Tunnel 10, which was blocked on the Kuranda side, and the line was closed for 10 weeks. There were more slips and washouts in late March 1911, with interruptions to traffic until the end of April 1911.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 18m of the Cairns end of Tunnel 14 required reinforcing, and the thinner concrete formwork is visible. There were also serious disruptions in March–April 1954 due to a landslide. The continued threat of rock falls and slips have meant that rock anchors have been deployed on boulders above the Stoney Creek Falls, and large barrier fences have been erected in places above the line.</p><br>
<p>The original rails were replaced in the 1990s, from 60 lbs (27.2 kg) per yard (0.9m) weight, to 41 kg per metre. One in every four sleepers are now steel, with a one in two ratio on curves with a radius under 120m. Some cuttings were also widened in the 1980s and 1990s. Most cuttings are in earth or rock, but some have concrete lining or stone pitching in parts. Some timber bridge components, such as the piles or headstocks of trestles, have been replaced by steel, or whole trestles have been replaced by concrete piers. There are a large number of small open concrete drains passing under the line. Early cast concrete pipes and culverts (not reinforced) along the line will be replaced with reinforced concrete pipes if the originals collapse.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The section of the Cairns Railway from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge commences at Redlynch railway station, which is located to the north-west of the Cairns CBD, at a distance of 11.6 km by rail from Cairns Railway Station.</p><br>
<h3>Redlynch railway station</h3><br>
<p>Redlynch railway station is located at the intersection of Kamerunga Road and Redlynch Intake Road. The main station building (unused in 2011), north-east of the intersection, is adjacent to Kamerunga Road and faces away from the road towards the railway line. The building is elevated on steel poles from street level to the level of the platform, and is rectangular, timber framed and chamferboard clad. Its gabled roof extends on the railway side to form a verandah, which has extra support in the form of steel pipe framing.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the walls are single skinned. The south-west end of the building contains the office and the former goods room, with a small walled cubicle at the south-west (goods room) end. The partition wall between the office and the goods room has been removed. There are two windows (one casement and one with timber louvres) at the south-west end of the space, along with a door to the platform and a casement window to the south-east (Kamerunga Road) elevation. The office space, which retains some timber counters, has a casement window and a modern sliding window on the south-east side, two sash windows on the north-west elevation, and a stable door and ticket window on the north-east side, through to the waiting shed. The waiting shed retains its bench seating, and has a glass-louvre window to the south-east elevation and a timber double folding door to the platform. North-east of the waiting shed is the ladies toilet, with a doorway to the platform and a small glass louvre window to the south-east. The remains of gardens, with concrete retaining walls to Kamerunga Road, are located south- west of the station building.</p><br>
<p>Just north-east of the station building is a separate men&#39;s toilet block, timber framed and clad with chamferboard. It is elevated on concrete stumps and has a skillion roof. A doorway towards the platform is shielded by a corrugated iron clad entrance porch, and there is a glass louvre window on the south-east elevation.</p><br>
<p>North-east of the station building and men&#39;s toilet block and north of the railway line, is an earth loading bank with a concrete retaining wall. To the south-west of the station building, past the railway crossing, the western arm of a turning triangle survives, with modern buildings within the triangle. These modern buildings are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>From Redlynch Station, the railway line heads south past Jungara to Horseshoe Bend, before heading north along the eastern side of the Lamb Range and turning west into Stoney Creek Gorge. Between Redlynch and Stoney Creek Station there are 13 tunnels and 16 bridges. The first bridge (deck type) is located at a distance of 12.06 km from Cairns. It uses timber girders on timber trestles (some trestle piles and headstocks have already been replaced with steel); this is the form used by the majority of timber bridges on the section, although some use single-span timber girders between concrete abutments. A second timber bridge, with a concrete pier, exists at 13.05 km. The site of Jungara Station is passed at 13.82 km, with a timber trestle bridge at 14.77 km, just before Horseshoe Bend, a 5 chain curve with a large earth embankment. There are two more timber trestle bridges at 15.31 km and 16.55 km, plus a single span timber girder bridge between concrete abutments at 16.95 km, before reaching the first tunnel at 17.12 km. Tunnel 1 is concrete lined (as are all the tunnels), straight and 66m long. Tunnel 2, located at 18.42 km, is straight with a left curve at the uphill end and 76m long; while Tunnel 3 is at 19.11 km (curve left, then straight, 109m).</p><br>
<p>The bridge at 19.31 km (Bridge 21) is a deck-type steel lattice girder bridge with timber trestles on the approach spans, and wrought iron piers. It is immediately followed by Tunnel 4 at 19.39 km (straight, 93m). Tunnel 5 is located at 19.64 km (curve left, 92 m long); Tunnel 6 at 19.91 km (straight, 111m); and Tunnel 7 at 20.06 km (curve left, 50m). There is a timber trestle bridge just before Tunnel 8, the latter being located at 20.25 km (curve left, 103m), and Tunnel 9 is at 20.53 km (straight then curve left, 179m). There is a high embankment between tunnels 8 and 9.</p><br>
<p>Travelling west along the southern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, at 20.72 km there is a second steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 23), with timber trestles on the approaches and two concrete piers, which is followed by two timber trestle bridges (the first also has one concrete pier) prior to Tunnel 10 at 21.06 km (straight then curve left, 119m). Tunnel 11 is at 21.30 km (curve left, 83m), and is followed by two very small single span steel bridges over concrete drains at 21.58 km and 21.60 km. Kelly?s Leap follows, where a modern rock fall barrier has been erected near an early open concrete drain. These are followed by timber trestle bridges at 21.76 km and 21.92 km, and then Tunnel 12 at 22.04 km (curve right then straight, 81m). There is a timber trestle bridge at 22.18 km, followed by Tunnel 13 at 22.47 km (straight then curve left, 88m).</p><br>
<h3>Stoney Creek railway station</h3><br>
<p>Soon after Tunnel 13, Stoney Creek Station is reached, at 22.53 km. Within a cutting a siding branches off the main line and runs parallel and to the south of the main line, rejoining at the west end of the station. A shelter shed with an enclosed office in its south-east corner is located between the siding and the main line. The shed has an earth floor and a hipped roof, and the timber walls and posts are mounted on concrete wall and post bases. The timber framed walls of the office section are single skinned, and are clad with chamferboards. The office has open window frames on the south and west sides, a pivoting timber window to the east side and a timber door on the north side. The main open space of the shed has a single skinned timber wall (with a gap above the concrete wall base) on the south side, which has an open window frame.</p><br>
<p>South of the siding, at either end of the station, are large stone-pitched open drains. At the west end of the station, uphill of where the siding rejoins the main line, is a water tower, with a sand shed to its west. The two-tier cast iron square water tank stands on timber supports, with its disconnected jib lying underneath. The skillion- roofed sand shed is clad in corrugated iron, with two doors at the front, and stands on concrete base walls.</p><br>
<h3>Stoney Creek bridge</h3><br>
<p>Between Stoney Creek Station and Kuranda there are another two tunnels, and 22 bridges. After leaving Stoney Creek Station there is a steel lattice girder bridge (Bridge 29) with wrought iron piers on concrete bases at 22.92 km. This is followed by Stoney Creek Bridge (Bridge 30) at 23.15 km, with seven spans of steel lattice girders supported by wrought iron trestles on concrete footings. A concrete pier and two timber trestles support the uphill approach spans. This bridge has a total length of 88.4m, with a curved track.</p><br>
<p>After Stoney Creek Bridge the line proceeds north-east along the northern side of the Stoney Creek Gorge, over two timber trestle bridges at 23.39 km and 23.78 km, plus a single span timber bridge at 23.89 km and a single span steel bridge at 24.54 km, before entering Tunnel 14 at 24.69 km (curve left, 85m). Glacier Rock looms to the north of the line at this point. The line then passes the site of The Springs Station before cutting alongside The Red Bluff and entering the Barron Gorge. There is a single span steel bridge at 25.49 km, and a modern footbridge over the line (Douglas Track) before two timber trestle bridges at 25. km and 25.95 km. By this point the line has turned to the north-west.</p><br>
<p>Another timber trestle bridge is encountered at 26.27 km, before Tunnel 15 at (in its middle) 26.55 km (curve left, straight, curve right, straight, curve left, 430m). There is a timber trestle bridge at 26.98 km, followed by a timber bridge with a concrete pier at 27.55 km. At 27.72 km is a small steel deck-type bridge using fishbelly plate girders (Bridge 42) supported mid span by a concrete pier; this is followed by a single span steel bridge at 27.86 km and two single span timber bridges at 28.22 km and 28.53 km.</p><br>
<h3>Surprise Creek bridge</h3><br>
<p>The Surprise Creek Bridge, at 28.7 km, is a 72.54m long steel lattice girder bridge set on tall concrete piers at the head of a waterfall. The approach spans are pin jointed. This is followed by a timber trestle bridge at 29.16 km, and then Christmas Creek Bridge at 29.23 km. The sixth and final steel lattice girder bridge on the section, the Christmas Creek Bridge is 39.6m long, with wrought iron trestles.</p><br>
<p>The line continues north past Forwards Lookout and then passes Robb&#39;s Monument, a stone monolith east of the track. There is a timber trestle bridge at 29.93 km, before Bridge 50 over Mervyn Creek at 30.18 km, with steel girders on concrete piers. Barron Falls Station, between 30.65 km and 30.82 km, includes a modern platform, shelter shed and lookout over the Barron Falls, as well as a footbridge over the line at the south end of the station. The shelter shed has a similar timber roof frame to the shelter at Stoney Creek Station, although it uses steel posts. The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River past the site of Hydro Station, to Jumrum Creek Bridge at 32.54 km. This bridge has timber trestles at each end, with a central span of steel broad flanged beams between concrete piers.</p><br>
<h3>Kuranda railway station</h3><br>
<p>The line continues along the west bank of the Barron River to Kuranda Station, at 33.23 km. The northernmost operating station in Queensland, Kuranda Station is aligned north-west to south-east, on the north-east boundary of the town of Kuranda.</p><br>
<p>Built on a raised island platform (one track southwest of Platform 1, three tracks to the northeast of Platform 2), the station consists of a number of detached buildings, the largest being the passenger station building.</p><br>
<p>The Federation style station building is a single storeyed rectangular structure with a hipped gable roof. The building, centrally located on the island platform, has two cantilevered upswept awnings with bullnose leading edges, supported on steel lattice trusses, covering the adjacent platform areas. The roof has three metal Boyles ventilators mounted along the ridge, with hipped gables protruding from the slope to either side of each ventilator. The building houses a semi-enclosed booking lobby at the northwest end, a station masters office, a waiting shed open to platforms 1 and 2, ladies toilets, a passage between platforms 1 and 2, and at the easternmost end a gift shop and cafe, with an attached kitchen in a lean-to extension.</p><br>
<p>Concrete walls to window sill height support the precast concrete planking above. The passenger station building, signal cabin and utilities block are all constructed using a precast concrete system consisting of reinforced concrete planks slotted horizontally into a concrete frame, supported on concrete walls. Their timber framed roofs are clad in ribbed metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Openings in the station building are fitted with timber framed doors and double hung windows. The ticket windows between the booking lobby and the office are of double hung casements with decorative steel grilles. A crafted timber World War I Roll of Honour commemorating Kuranda School Past Pupils is located between the ticket windows. Entrances into the booking lobby, waiting shed and passage are ornamented with timber valances which form arches. Internal finishes in the station building are generally painted concrete walls, concrete floors and timber boarded ceilings. The building is enhanced by potted palms, ferns and hanging baskets of tropical rainforest plants.</p><br>
<p>Subsidiary structures located on the island platform south-east of the main station building include: a modern shade structure (not of cultural heritage significance); a signal cabin; and a utilities block containing men&#39;s toilets, accessible toilet (former lamp room) and two store rooms.</p><br>
<p>The signal cabin is a small rectangular single-roomed building with a timber framed gabled hipped roof. Timber casement windows are continuous on three elevations. On the north-west elevation there is only a centrally positioned timber panelled door. The building has a suspended timber floor elevated above the platform level. Concrete walls to floor level support the concrete plank walls above. The single internal space has a painted timber ceiling and contains a McKenzie and Holland 37-lever mechanical signal frame. Significant elements of the interlocked signalling system include the signal frame and its mechanism, plus all linkages, points, points indicators and signal towers located around the station yard.</p><br>
<p>The utilities block has double hung windows with concrete walls to sill height, with concrete planks above. The gabled hipped roof has a small hipped extension on the western corner over the entrance to the men&#39;s toilets.</p><br>
<p>North-west of the station building is a steel-framed pedestrian overbridge and a luggage lift, both replacements for the original items, which are not of cultural heritage significance. North-west of the luggage lift is a 2005 stone cairn memorial to the building of the Kuranda Range Railway. A series of large garden beds continue along the platform to the north-west. An old steel telephone pole is located near the overbridge, on the town side. The former station master&#39;s residence is located north-west of the station platform, on the west side of the line. It is a timber building, clad in chamferboard with enclosed front and side verandahs and a hipped metal roof. A railway turntable is located further north-west.</p><br>
<p>At the south-east end of the main station platform is another garden. Further south-east to the west of the line is a corrugated iron clad goods shed with a gabled roof. It stands on timber stumps, although its timber loading platform is supported on steel poles. Opposite the goods shed, east of the line, is a modern driver&#39;s quarters (not of cultural heritage significance). Further to the south-east, east of the line, are located: an old steel carriage used for storage (not of cultural heritage significance); a skillion-roofed three-bay trolley shed (pre 1982) clad in corrugated iron; plus a two-lever ground frame with attached signals and points.</p><br>
<p>Four semaphore signal towers, which include kerosene lanterns with coloured lenses, are located south-east of the station platform, including one at the south-east elevation of the goods shed and a three arm tower near the trolley shed. There is another signal tower outside the station towards Cairns. There are also two semaphore towers north-west of the station, including a second three arm tower.</p><br>
<h3>Crooked Creek bridge</h3><br>
<p>On leaving Kuranda Station, the line continues to follow the Barron River, reaching the Crooked Creek Bridge at 34.75 km. This consists of deck-type steel plate girders, supported on a concrete pier with later steel piers near the abutments.</p><br>
<p>Modern features of no cultural heritage significance located at the railway stations and along the line between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge include: modern QR buildings and sheds; bitumen access points to rails for vehicles; modern fencing; weather stations; helipads; fire fighting water tanks; solar powered telecommunication units; rock fall barriers (large stones in mesh cages and large steel-ring fences); rock anchors in high outcrops above Stoney Creek Bridge; modern footbridges over the line; and modern elements at Barron Falls Station.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The section from Redlynch to Crooked Creek Bridge on the Cairns railway was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The portion of the Cairns Railway between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge was built 1887-91 as part of a railway to the tin-mining town of Herberton. The railways ascent of the coastal range demonstrates the Queensland Governments policy of building railways from ports to inland mining centres to promote economic growth.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Railway is closely associated with the economic development of Cairns and the surrounding region. As a result of its selection as Herberton&#39;s port, Cairns became the largest town in Far North Queensland. Although the railway did not reach Herberton until 1910, the ascent of the range facilitated timber getting and then farming on the Atherton Tableland.</p><br>
<p>The place is also closely associated with the development of tourism in Far North Queensland. From 1891 the second section of the Cairns Railway facilitated visits to Stoney Creek Falls and the Barron Falls, and Stoney Creek Station and Kuranda Station became important stops for visitors. The township of Kuranda and Kuranda Railway Station remain major tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>Redlynch Railway Station is significant as it contains early infrastructure located at the end of the first section of the Cairns Railway (built 1886-1887), and is the start of the ascent to Kuranda.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Kuranda Railway Station includes three early (c.1914) surviving Queensland examples of pre-cast concrete railway station buildings, and has one of the few mechanically interlocked signal cabins still commissioned in Queensland. The complex is also a rare surviving resort station, comparable with those at Spring Bluff (Main Range Railway) and Yeppoon railway station.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Station has a rare combination of scenic beauty and evidence of its past role as a service point for steam trains climbing the coastal range. The water tank provides rare surviving evidence of the age of steam trains in Queensland, and the sand shed is also rare.</p><br>
<p>The design of the curved, steel lattice girder Stoney Creek Bridge is unique in Queensland&#39;s railways. It and Christmas Creek Bridge are also the only two Queensland railway bridges constructed with wrought iron trestles.</p><br>
<p>Bridge 42 employs reused fishbelly plate cross-girders as its main span members, which is rare.</p><br>
<p>Surprise Creek Bridge is one of a small group of bridges extant in Queensland with pin jointed spans.</p><br>
<p>Christmas Creek Bridge is a rare example using both lattice girder and lattice truss span members.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The sites of former camps and townships within the railway reserve between Redlynch and Crooked Creek Bridge have the archaeological potential to reveal information on the organisation and domestic life of 1880s railway camps in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a railway range crossing, incorporating 15 tunnels, 15 steel bridges and 24 timber bridges. The line&#39;s tight curves, embankments, cuttings, culverts and drains are also characteristic of the engineering techniques needed to traverse steep, unstable terrain. The culverts and drains are vital in a tropical climate with a high rainfall.</p><br>
<p>Kuranda Railway Station is an intact station complex and is an excellent example of the work of the architectural section of the Railway Departments Chief Engineers Office under Vincent Price.</p><br>
<p>The main elements of Kuranda Station which contribute to an understanding of the how the complex functioned include the concrete main station building, its platform and garden beds; the concrete male toilet block; the concrete signal cabin with its associated mechanical signal frame, linkages, semaphore signal towers, points, and points indicators; the goods shed; the trolley shed; the Station Master&#39;s residence; and the turntable.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Bridge has remained substantially unchanged since it was built and is an important example of large metal truss bridges, which played an important role in creating the Queensland rail transport network.</p><br>
<p>The plate girder main spans of Crooked Creek Bridge are the oldest of their type still in use in Queensland, being a reuse of girders from an original 1867 bridge on the Main Range (Ipswich to Toowoomba line).</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The train trip through the Barron Falls National Park is a highly popular tourist attraction, due to the rugged beauty of the terrain, the many bridges and tunnels, and the views from the railway.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Station is a location of scenic beauty where day trippers once stopped to view Stoney Creek Falls and Stoney Creek Bridge. The latter is one of the most photographed railway bridges in Australia due to its remarkable location across a deep ravine with a waterfall backdrop. Photographs of the falls and the bridge have featured in railway advertising over many decades.</p><br>
<p>Kuranda Railway Station is renowned for its dramatic setting, established gardens and showpiece station buildings. Harmoniously combined, these elements create a picturesque aesthetic effect.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The ascent to a height of 327.7m at Barron Falls Station is an outstanding engineering achievement in a tropical environment, cut through unstable and rugged terrain. It demonstrates the nature of the challenge surmounted by John Robb, his workers and government engineers such as Willoughby Hannam and John Gwynneth. There were numerous deviations to the surveyed line during construction, and the railway utilises cuttings, embankments, tight curves, and multiple bridges, tunnels, culverts and drains.</p><br>
<p>The place contains the largest collection of late nineteenth century tunnels and timber and metal span bridges of any other section of railway in Queensland of comparable length.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Bridge is a spectacular feat of civil engineering, with an 80 m radius curve, mounted on wrought iron trestles, passing in front of a waterfall. It is of technical significance for its degree of complexity on a difficult site.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The train trip from Cairns to Kuranda, in particular the ascent past Redlynch, is a socially significant scenic railway attracting thousands of local, national and international visitors each year.</p><br>
<p>Stoney Creek Bridge and its accompanying waterfall has been an attraction for tourists visiting north Queensland since the 1890s, while Kuranda Railway Station is one of Australia&#39;s most popular tourist destinations and is known worldwide.</p><br>
<p>Saint Joseph Atoll is part of the Amirante Islands group, which are in the Outer Islands  coral archipelago of the Seychelles islands and nation. The atoll is located southwest of the granitic Inner Seychelles archipelago, with a distance of 248 km south of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The atoll was discovered in 1770 by European sailors.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, The island became the property of a Seychellois family, who built a coconut plantation on the bigger St. Joseph island.</p><br>
<p>In August 2012 it was revealed that the atoll was sold, together with D&#39;Arros Island, for US$60 million, to be managed by the Save Our Seas Foundation. They will manage it as a nature reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Saint Joseph Atoll is located only 2.3 km east of the eastern part of D&#39;Arros Island, but it is a separate geographical unit, separated by 60 - deep water of a 1 km wide channel, which is deeper than much of the Amirantes Bank.</p><br>
<p>The land area of the Atoll occupies 1.21 km&sup2;. The main Saint Joseph island is of crescent shaped, flat coral sand cay, 2.2 km long and with average 0.4 km wide, and nowhere higher than 3 m.</p><br>
<p>The tree tops are about 24 m high.</p><br>
<h3>Coral reefs</h3><br>
<p>The Atoll stands on a detached patch coral reef similarly orientated, with maximum dimensions of 6.6 km and 4.4 km.</p><br>
<p>Its total area is 22.53 km, of which 11.74 km comprises the peripheral reef flat, 4.8 km the interior lagoon, and only 1.39 km the land area of all islets.</p><br>
<p>Depths of 500 m are found only 1.5 km east of the reef edge, and of 1000 m one kilometer further east.</p><br>
<h3>Lagoon</h3><br>
<p>The lagoon is completely enclosed by the surrounding reef. At low water it drains over a narrow sill, Passe Lerein Fin, at its western end. The lagoon has a maximum depth of 6.4 m. Other soundings range from 2.1 to 3.7 m. The peripheral reefs, in addition to being exceptionally wide, are covered (except on the west side) with mobile sand. Inter-tidal sand sheets are encroaching on the margins of the lagoon on its windward side, which is marked for much of its extent by a discontinuous linear sandbar. There are no growing reefs in the lagoon.</p><br>
<h3>List of islets</h3><br>
<p>The atoll has 13 sandy islets: the three larger ones along the northeast and east shore, which are covered by coconut plantations, and the remaining ones in the south:</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The atoll is currently uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>it hosted a small population of 10, which now moved to D&#39;Arros Island. There are several ruined buildings on the main island of St. Joseph, near the cultivated area at the western end.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>You can reach the atoll with flights to unpaved airstrip.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Grey Havens Inn is a historic hotel at 96 Seguinland Road in Georgetown, Maine. The inn was built in 1904, and is one of the finest surviving coastal hotels of the period in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Facilities include thirteen guest rooms, an onsite restaurant, docking facilities, and expansive views of Harmon&#39;s Harbor.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Grey Havens Inn is located on the east side of Georgetowns eponymous island, near the mouth of Harmons Harbor, an inlet off the Sheepscot River. It is situated on a rise, giving views of the harbor and the river beyond. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame building, in the Shingle style. with its main facade oriented eastward toward the water. It has a gambrel roof pierced by gabled dormers, and a pair of three-story turrets, topped by conical roofs, at each of its front corners. A deep single-story porch extends across the front and around both sides. On the inland side, a gabled entry vestibule projects from the main block. The exterior is clad entirely in wooden shingles. The interior retains much of its original woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The inn was built in 1904 as a summer hotel, and is of a size and scale that was once a fairly common sight on Maines coastline. The inn was built by Walter Reid, and was originally called "Seguinland". Reid is locally notable for giving land further south in Georgetown that is now Reid State Park. (Reids family mansion, located nearby, is also now a bed and breakfast.)</p><br>
<p>Bertaut Island is an island in Seychelles, lying in the Outer Islands of Seychelles, with a distance of 271 km south of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Bertaut Reef is about 25 km SSW of St. Joseph Atoll and 13.5 km north of Poivre Atoll. Desroches Island is 50 km to the east. The reef measures 8.4 km northwest-southeast, and is up to 3.4 km wide in the southeastern part, and up to 2.7 km in the northwestern part. It covers an area in excess of 20 km. Only in the south and southeast waves break over a shallow reef edge. Bertaut Reef has a small uninhabited and unvegetated sand cay on its southern part, with an area of about 3000 m. The reef is steep-to and the sea breaks heavily over its edge.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Kuljak Island, also known as Black Swan Island, is an artificial island in the Swan River. Situated between Ron Courtney Island upstream and Heirisson Island downstream, Kuljak Island is east of Maylands Peninsula and south of Garratt Road Bridge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was created in 1997 by dredging two channels as a part of the Ascot Waters development. This sanitary landfill was a council rubbish tip for 25 years before being closed in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Kuljak Island presents "an important backdrop to Tranby House" on the western shore of the Swan River facing Kuljak Island, by offering a view of an "apparently undeveloped" river "against the well maintained house and gardens" of Tranby House. It captures how "the river would have been at the time... was built.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Kuljak Island may be accessed by car via Tidewater Way, and by a pedestrian bridge via Samphire Street. A walking trail mapped by the City of Belmont comprises paved footpaths on, and leading to, Kuljak Island.</p><br>
<p>The Hulett Farm is a historic farmstead on United States Route 7 in Wallingford, Vermont. Its principal surviving element is a c. 1810 Federal period farmhouse, which is one of the oldest surviving farmhouses in rural southern Wallingford. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hulett Farm complex is located primarily on the west side of US 7, roughly 1 mi north of its junction with Dugway Road. The house, which is the only major surviving element of the farmstead, is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gable roof and a saltbox profile. The main facade faces west (toward the road), and is a symmetrical five bays, with a center entrance framed by wide sidelight windows and topped by an entablature and cornice. The saltbox extension to the rear is a 20th-century addition. Located southwest of the house is a small single-story wood-frame shed with a double-leaf door. The farmstead used to include a c. 1920s chicken coop, located north of the house, and a c. 1850 barn, located across the street</p><br>
<p>The Hulett Farm was established in the early 19th century, and its house is one of only two in southern Wallingford that follows a typical Georgian plan. The Federal period sidelights are extremely unusual because of their two-pane width.</p><br>
<p>The Bulwarks, Porthkerry is a promontory fort in Rhoose, Vale of Glamorgan, on the southern coast of Wales overlooking the Bristol Channel.</p><br>
<p>It probably dates to the Iron Age and continued to be occupied during the Roman period in Britain.</p><br>
<p>The ramparts and ditches along the west side are well preserved, but the fortifications are heavily overgrown.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Iron Age fortification is one of several along the southern coast of Wales.</p><br>
<p>The site was a strategically important position overlooking the Bristol Channel.</p><br>
<p>The fort is on the end of a spur that faces west and overlooked the Porthkerry creek, now silted up.</p><br>
<p>The natural slopes are very steep on the south east and north, but the ground is almost level towards the west.</p><br>
<p>The south side is now bounded by the edge of the cliff along the shore, but probably there was originally a fortification along this side, since eroded away.</p><br>
<p>The ramparts enclose an area of about 4 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The fort is accessible via the Porthkerry caravan park.</p><br>
<h2>Fortification</h2><br>
<p>The Bulwarks enclosure is trapezoidal in shape.</p><br>
<p>At present it is about 230 m from north to south, 250 m along the north side and 120 m along the south side.</p><br>
<p>The cliff bounding the fort today has a recession rate of 24.2 cm annually.</p><br>
<p>Erosion along the south side has probably removed a strip about 120 m wide and 1 hectare in area.</p><br>
<p>The defence consisted of three close-set banks separated by ditches.</p><br>
<p>On the west the banks and ditches are well-preserved and about 50 m wide in total.</p><br>
<p>On the other two sides only terraces remain where the defences once ran.</p><br>
<p>The fort appears to have had just one entrance in the middle of the west side, at a slightly oblique angle to the rampart line, with gaps in the ramparts and causeways across the ditches.</p><br>
<p>The interior is almost level and about 60 m above O.D.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Limited excavations indicate that the Bulwarks fort was occupied from the Iron Age into the Roman era.</p><br>
<p>The camp was probably first occupied around 200 BC to 75 AD, before the Romans arrived in South Wales.</p><br>
<p>Of the pottery remains from the military and then civilian occupation of the site, 26.7% is South-East Dorset Black Burnished Category I Pottery.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 F. L. Davies excavated the site for the Department of the Environment.</p><br>
<p>He found traces of three rectangular buildings just inside the innermost west rampart.</p><br>
<p>Of these successive timber buildings, the earliest may have been pre-Roman.</p><br>
<p>The second was occupied from the late first century AD to the mid second century AD, then burned down.</p><br>
<p>After this the site was covered in a layer of Lias limestone rubble, then a third rectangular building was erected, 10 ft wide and at least 30 ft long, with a porch and doorway in the south west corner.</p><br>
<p>The third building seems to have been occupied until the late third century or the fourth century AD.</p><br>
<p>The defensive walls are now covered in thick vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The fort is scheduled as an ancient monument by the Ministry of Public Building and Works.</p><br>
<p>Dexter Community House, also known as The Roundhouse, is a historic building located in Dexter, Iowa, United States. Several prominent members of the community were responsible for the fundraising and building of this community facility. It replaced an older facility that was used for revival meetings, social and entertainment functions. After $10,000 had been raised Major Matt King drew up the plans for the building, which was completed in 1917. It continues to be used for a variety of community functions, and for a time it was used as a high school gymnasium. The elliptical-shaped building is 145 ft in diameter. The exterior is composed of hollow blocks, and they are the support for the dome roof. The interior walls are finished with sandstone. A large stage is located opposite the main entrance. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Monte Tobbio  is a 1092 metres high mountain of the Apennines, located in the Italian region of Piedmont.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain stands on the Adriatic side of the drainage divide defined by the Ligurian Apennine. It&#39;s the main summit of the ridge which, starting from Monte delle Figne, goes North dividing Gorzente and Lemme valleys.</p><br>
<p>Administratively mount Tobbio belongs to the municipality of Bosio (province of Alessandria, Piedmont).</p><br>
<p>Due to its prominent location Monte Tobbio is very easily recognisable from large areas both of the Ligurian Apennine and Po plain.</p><br>
<h3>Environment</h3><br>
<p>Monte Tobbio slopes are generally rocky and almost barren due to the poor soil formed by its peridotites bedrock.</p><br>
<p>Since 1979 the mountain belongs to the Capanne di Marcarolo regional natural park.</p><br>
<p>The mountain and its surrounding area are also part of a SIC (Site of Community Importance) called Capanne di Marcarolo (code: IT1180026).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On the sumit stands a little church dedicated to Our Lady of Caravaggio. It was built in 1892 and rebuilt after severe damages occurred during the world War II.</p><br>
<p>In 1944&#39;s spring a group of Italian partisans were surrounded by fascist and nazi troops on mount Tobbio. After a fight some of them managed to break the blockade while some others, after being captured, were transported near the Benedicta Abbey and executed by firing squads on April the 7th 1944.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the summit</h2><br>
<p>Monte Tobbio can be reached by signposed footpaths departing from Voltaggio or Bosio. It can also be accessed by a longer path from Monte delle Figne, while the shortest way to climb the mountain from an asphalted road starts from the Valico degli Eremiti (Hermites&#39; pass, m.559) and takes around 1.30 hours walk.</p><br>
<p>Climbing Monte Tobbio is one of the most popular hikes of SE Piedmont and province of Genoa and in clean days offers an impressive panorama ranging from the Ligurian Sea to a large stretch of the Italian Alps.</p><br>
<p>Some branches of the Club Alpino Italiano (C.A.I.) organize every year night hikes to the mountain, as for instance the local C.A.I. group of Casale Monferrato.</p><br>
<h3>Mountain huts</h3><br>
<p>Maria Santissima di Caravaggio: on the top of the mountain, a room contiguous to the small church can be used as an emergence hut.</p><br>
<p>Rifugio Escursionistico Nido Del Biancone, owned by the park and located in Frazione Capanne di Marcarolo (Bosio).</p><br>
<p>The Adel Public Square Historic District, also known as The Square, is a nationally recognized historic district located in Adel, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. Adel was platted in 1847 as the county seat for Dallas County. The population of the town expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the central business district expanded because of it. It reached its largest size in 1917 with some redevelopment occurring on the east side of the square after World War II.</p><br>
<p>The historic district contains a mix of commercial buildings, professional offices, automotive and farm equipment related businesses, lodge halls, a single-family dwelling, and hatcheries. Civic buildings include the Dallas County Courthouse and the former post office. Several buildings Have been renovated for use by the county for office space. The network of brick streets is the historic structure in the district. The period of significance is from 1868 to 1959, and the buildings were constructed during that time frame. While wood was the earliest building material used, none of those buildings exist and now most of the buildings are brick with a few concrete structures built after World War II.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Perry Historic District, also known as Uptown, is a nationally recognized historic district located in Perry, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. The central business district is divided into three sections: the Triangle, Second Street above Willis Avenue, and South of Otley Avenue. The Triangle is public land where the Perry Carnegie Library Building is located. Second Street above Willis Avenue is a corridor of two-blocks north of the Triangle. It is where most of the professional offices, retail and entertainment businesses are located. The area south of Otley Avenue contains a cluster of businesses that is also located along Second Street for the most part. The businesses are associated with the automobile and light industrial operations. The first two sections are included in the historic district while the third was excluded because of its mixed land use and its lack of historic integrity from alterations and demolition.</p><br>
<p>Fortification Hill is a prominence adjacent to Lake Mead in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area; it is located at the northwest terminus region of the Black Mountains , and specifically the north region of the Black Mountains. It is near a southern section of Lake Mead, and just northeast of Hoover Dam. It can easily be seen eastward across Las Vegas Bay or from the two northern mountain terminuses of Eldorado Mountains , or the Black Mountains .</p><br>
<p>The mountain prominence is plateau-like, or mesa-like with its highpoint at the southeast terminus, and sloping north and northwestwards toward Lake Mead. The prominence is 3,719 ft.</p><br>
<p>The flat mountaintop, sloping northwards is composed of Tertiary basaltic lava flows.</p><br>
<p>The Franklin County Sheriffs Residence and Jail is a historic dwelling located in Hampton, Iowa, United States. The combination sheriffs residence and jail was the most common type of detention facility built by Iowa counties from the 1840s to around 1950. In this facility in Hampton the sheriffs residence was the two-story Italianate style structure closest to the street. There was a cell on the second floor used for female or juvenile prisoners. The sheriffs wife generally provided the meals and laundry services for the prisoners from the residence. The small cell block for men and a women&#39;s holding cell was in the single-story wing off of the back of the house. The building was constructed by local attorney D.W. Dow, and P.J. Pauly & Bro. of St. Louis provided the cells. It was completed in 1880. The sheriff continued to reside here into the 1960s, and the building was used for a jail until 1988. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Renland is a peninsula in eastern Greenland. It is a part of the Sermersooq municipality. Despite its proximity to the coast Renland has an ice cap climate with cold and bitter winters and very low high temperatures in the summer.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Renland is surrounded to the north by the Nordvestfjord of the Scoresby Sound, to the south by the 6 to 10 km wide Ofjord and to the southwest by the Rype Fjord. To the west the peninsula is attached to the mainland and to the northwest lies the Hinksland peninsula. The Bjorne Islands lie off its eastern shore and to the south across the Ofjord lie the islands of Milneland and Storo. Renland has its own ice cap on a high plateau in the middle of the peninsula and in the southern part there are glacial lakes separated by glacial tongues.</p><br>
<p>This wide and desolate place is a popular destination for mountain climbing owing to its steep slopes, massive rocky crags and jagged peaks. Constable Point (Nerlerit Inaat) is the closest airport.</p><br>
<p>The Routeburn River, also known as the Route Burn, is a river in New Zealand. It is a short stony river that flows for some 15 kilometres into the Dart River in the South Island. The Routeburn River flows alongside a section of the Routeburn Track. The upper reaches of the river are found in the Routeburn North Branch and leave the Routeburn Track around the Routeburn Flat Hut area.</p><br>
<p>The river has two main branches of similar length, which meet some 8 kilometres from the Dart. Both of these streams have sources in the Humboldt Range. One of these streams flows due south from the slopes of thew 1960-metre Nereus Peak; the other flows south then east from Lake Wilson, a small tarn, passing through Lake Harris and over the Routeburn Falls. Several smaller streams join the river from the south closer to its entry into the Dart River.</p><br>
<p>The Dresden Brick School House is a historic school building on Maine State Route 128 in Dresden, Maine. Built in 1816, it is one of the oldest surviving brick district school buildings in the state. It is now a museum property, owned by the local historical society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dresden Brick School House is located on the west side of a rural stretch of ME 128, about 0.25 mi south of its junction with Maine State Route 197 in West Dresden. It is a single story brick building, with a gabled roof. The street-facing front facade has a pair of entrances, each devoid of trim except for a transom window above the door, with a window (now boarded over) in the gable above. The sides of the building have two sash windows. The interior of the building has original wainscoting on the walls.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1816, when this area was still called Pownalborough. It is the second-oldest known brick school in the state, after only the Brick School (1810) in nearby Winslow. The school is now maintained by the local historical society, which displays items of local historical interest in the building.</p><br>
<p>Poivre Islands are a group of islands in Seychelles, lying in the Outer Islands of Seychelles, with a distance of 268 km south of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Poivre was named in 1771 by Chevalier de la Biollière after Pierre Poivre, the famous "Peter Pepper" and governor of Ile de France and Réunion (then Bourbon) from 1769 to 1772.</p><br>
<p>He named Florentin island for the Grey herons (Florentin being the Creole name for this species), which are nesting on the island.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the small boat channel was enlarged.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, a 30-room hotel will be opened by the IDC and by Collins group.</p><br>
<p>In 2017 Collins group will open some private residential villas on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Poivre Atoll is near the eastern edge of Amirante Bank.</p><br>
<p>Poivre Nord is joined to Poivre Sud by a 750-metre causeway crossing the reef flats, which is submerged at high tide.</p><br>
<p>The total area of the reef is 20.24 km</p><br>
<p>There are four islets on the reef (with land area):</p><br>
<p>Poivre Nord, 1.105 km, located at 05&deg;44&prime;48&Prime;S latitude, 53&deg;18&prime;20&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Poivre Sud, 1.5 km, located at 05&deg;46&prime;18&Prime;S latitude, 53&deg;18&prime;22&Prime;E longitude, and with two additional small projections:</p><br>
<p>#Florentin, 0.163 km located at 05&deg;45&prime;40&Prime;S latitude, 53&deg;18&prime;07&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>#Mozambique, 0.01 km located at 05&deg;45&prime;48&Prime;S latitude, 53&deg;18&prime;30&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>The large, elongated lagoon between the 4 islands is very shallow and dries out at low tide.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The village stands on the east point of Poivre Nord Island, amid a clump of trees.</p><br>
<p>In some sources it is referenced as Pointe Baleine village.</p><br>
<p>The village houses a handful of caretakers and conservationists who watch over the precious ecosystem and maintain the unpaved grass aeroplane runway. The ruined buildings on Poivre Nord hint at a more grandiose past and are oddly juxtaposition-ed alongside the more modern habitable homes.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<p>Being an island with a small population, there are not any government buildings or services. For many services, people have to go to Victoria, which is a difficult task.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Poivre Nord Island is bisected by a 1,100 m unpaved airfield. The island is occasionally serviced by an Island Development Company (IDC) aircraft from Mahé.</p><br>
<h2>Economics</h2><br>
<p>The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale farming and livestock which are mainly for the island consumption.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island is known for its rich fish life.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>There are several local contractors who offer Permit fishing trips to the island.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>Hyde&#39;s Hotel, also known as Hyde Manor, was a major summer resort hotel on Vermont Route 30 in Sudbury, Vermont. The remnants of the hotel, its main house built in 1865, are now deteriorating and in danger of collapse. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Hyde Manor stands on the east side of Vermont Route 30, about 1 mi south of Sudburys village center. Now screened from the road by trees, the hotels location once offered spectacular views across the valley to the west. It stands on 100 acre of land, and includes a deteriorating complex of mainly 19th-century buildings. The main house is a large four-story wood frame structure with Italianate styling. Its most prominent feature is a square tower, projecting from the front facade, five stories in height, with a bracketed hip roof.</p><br>
<p>The propertys early history began in the early 19th century, as a tavern and stagecoach stop along the road, a major north-south route stage route between Albany, New York and Montreal. Pitt Hyde purchased an existing tavern in about 1801, and expanded the premises, which included a mineral spring reputed to have restorative properties. When the main house burned in 1861, James K. Hyde, Pitts son, built the present surviving main house. The complex continued to grow under Aruna Hyde, who added amenities, including a bowling alley, dance hall, and, in 1909, a nine-hole golf course designed by Horace Rawlins and George Sargent. The property declined due to changes in recreational habits after the world wars of the 20th century, and was sold out of the Hyde family in 1962. It closed permanently in 1973, although water from its spring continued to be bottled and sold. The complex is now functionally abandoned and in deteriorated condition.</p><br>
<p>Étoile Cay is an uninhabited circular coral cay in Seychelles, lying in the Amirantes group of the Outer Islands of Seychelles, with a distance of 302 km south of Victoria, Seychelles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Étoile Cay was named after a ship used in Bougainville&#39;s famous voyage round the world, from 1766 to 1769. It was explored and named by the Chevalier du Roslan in 1771.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Étoile Cay lies 29 km northeast of Boudeuse Cay, and 32 km Southwest of Poivre Atoll. It lies on a coral reef about 1.6 km in diameter. The cay is treeless. The only vegetation is grass and low shrubs, fringed by a steep sandy beach. Landing is easy during calm weather.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The island belongs to Outer Islands District.</p><br>
<h2>Flora & Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it is one of only three known locations in Seychelles which are nesting sites of Roseate terns (about 150 pairs). Also spotted are Sooty terns (about 5000 pairs) and Brown noddys (about 1000 pairs). All three species breed in dense colonies during the south-east monsoon season.</p><br>
<p>green and hawksbill sea turtles also nest there.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The River Road Historic Rural District is a historic district located on the western side of the Millstone River along a six-mile segment of River Road / County Route 533 in Hillsborough and Montgomery Townships, Somerset County, New Jersey. It is bounded on the north by Hillsborough Road and on the south by Van Horne Road / USA Route 206. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Laurence Van Derveer House was built in 1866 in an Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>The VanDerveer - Campbell House was built 1860–62 in the style of an Anglo-Norman Villa. Many of the farm buildings are also contributing.</p><br>
<p>The Garret Wyckoff House was built in a Federal style with some Italianate elements.</p><br>
<p>The Rynear A. Staats House was built in the 1840s with Greek Revival elements.</p><br>
<p>The Little River is a tributary of the Neuse River, which originates in Moore&#39;s Pond, south of Youngsville in Franklin County. The river crosses through Wake, Johnston, and Wayne counties, joining the Neuse at Waynesborough State Park and Busco Beach just east of Goldsboro. Wake County and the City of Raleigh have been purchasing land in the watershed in order to create a reservoir in northeast Wake County.</p><br>
<h2>Cities & towns in the Little Creek watershed</h2><br>
<p>* Archer Lodge, NC</p><br>
<p>* Goldsboro, North Carolina</p><br>
<p>* Kenly, NC</p><br>
<p>* Micro, NC</p><br>
<p>* Princeton, NC</p><br>
<p>* Rolesville, NC</p><br>
<p>* Wake Forest, NC</p><br>
<p>* Wendell, NC</p><br>
<p>* Youngsville, NC</p><br>
<p>* Zebulon, NC</p><br>
<p>The Maysville Schoolhouse is a historic building located south of Hampton, Iowa, United States. The former school building is the only structure left from the defunct town of Maysville, the first town established in Franklin County. It was platted in 1865, and it was located on the stage line between Ackley and Hampton. Many merchants and professional moved into the community. This two-story, vernacular stone structure was built for $5,000 in 1867 by James Carn as a combination schoolhouse and meeting hall. The citizens of Maysville hoped that their community would be chosen as the county seat, but in 1872 the railroad went north to Hampton. In the 1880s the businessmen and professionals moved out, and the post office closed in 1890. By the turn of the 20th-century Maysville had become a ghost town. The school remained in operation until 1957, but the second floor hall continued to be used by various community organizations and the Methodist Church. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Queen Louise Island  or Kissarsiitilik is an uninhabited island in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The island was named Dronning Louise Ø after Queen Louise of Sweden (1851–1926), wife of King Frederick VIII of Denmark.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Queen Louise Island is a coastal island located off King Frederick VI Coast in southeastern Greenland between two narrow fjords on the southern side of the mouth of Lindenow Fjord. Its length is 14 km and its maximum width 5 km.</p><br>
<p>Queen Louise Island is mountainous, Nuussuaq the tallest of its three main peaks reaching 781 m in height. The island&#39;s coast is deeply indented and off its easternmost point lies the smaller island of Kanajoorartuut. Nanuuseq Island lies 7.7 km to the north, on the other side of the mouth of Lindenow Fjord.</p><br>
